Four sites were chosen for planting within Stone Valley Experimental Forest, representing comparable elevation ~300 meters above sea level, and slopes of around 7-15%. The forest canopy is uneven age and dominated by several types of oaks, including chestnut, northern red, and at times white oak. Red maple, black birch, and virginia pines are a few of the other species seen at these sites. Sites were selected within natural canopy gaps, with some light thinning at the start of the project to reach a basal area of around 16 sq meters/hectare. Two of the Stone Valley sites are located over shale, and two over sandstone bedrock.