Terma A/S [154] is Denmark’s largest company within the aerospace and defense industry, and is owned by the Danish company Thrige Holding A/S. Terma supplies critical parts for Israeli F-35 fighter jets, including six essential parts which can be found on all F-35 aircraft. Most notable are the pylons, which hold and release the aircraft’s external bombs and missiles. Terma also supplies radar components, machine parts, and parts for the aircraft’s tail. All parts are essential to the functioning of the aircraft. The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) have confirmed to Information and Danwatch that F-35 aircraft have been used throughout the period of bombardment in Gaza: "We can confirm that the F-35 has operated in the Gaza Strip throughout the operation since October 7, 2023" [155]. Terma also produces and supplies gun pods, which are boxes that are mounted under the aircraft that enable loading the small, agile aircraft with far greater amounts of explosives than they were originally built for [156].

DTU has a long-standing collaboration with Terma in the form of student internships at Lockheed Martin Corporation, student projects, research collaborations, and loan/lease of equipment and competences [157]. In 2016, DTU and Terma signed a strategic cooperation agreement [157] which resulted in several master students’ internships at Lockheed Martin’s aeronautical facilities in the US [158], where they worked on different areas related to the F-35 project. Student reports can be found dating from 2015-2022 [159]. Although this internship offer is no longer advertised on the DTU website, Terma has secured greater visibility by appearing in the on-campus DSE Career Fair [160] and other events [161] where they offered research projects and career opportunities to students. The presence of Terma at DTU has previously been condemned by students and academic staff [162].

Terma has been repeatedly accused of complicity in war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by Israel during at least the last decade [163,164], thus there are severe implications of arms research and exports linked to these war crimes. According to the Danish defense minister [165] Denmark’s export of weapons to Israel’s military operations in Gaza, notably F-35 parts produced by Terma, breaches UN  regulations [166]. Despite this, DTU has maintained its partnership with the company while Denmark has recently given the green light to continuing weapons exports to Israel [167]. This information shows a link between DTU and the war crimes committed by Israel with the support of Terma’s operations that disregard international law (the EU common legislation on weapon export from 2008 and the UN Arms Trade Treaty [164]). Researchers from different institutes at DTU have continued collaborations on a range of research projects, among them one for the Danish Ministry of Defense for the development and deployment of an artificial intelligence-based surveillance satellite [168] and the European ASIM (Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor) project [169]. Terma leads the technical consortium and various radar systems research projects specifically in the area of ground-based drone detection [170].

The partnership between DTU and Terma is not only directly related to the war crimes and crimes against humanity that Israel has committed to date, but also paves the way for a continued and increased participation of DTU by feeding Terma cutting-edge technology and expert human resources that will potentially contribute to Israel’s future crimes in the oPt.

MyDefence A/S [171] is a Danish defense technology company specializing in counter-drone solutions and electronic warfare systems. MyDefence has been found to export anti-drone equipment for Israeli soldiers waging war in Gaza, without the export requiring approval from the Danish authorities. The equipment can protect Israeli soldiers and special forces from drone attacks and pinpoint the location of the drone pilot. The company’s director, Dan Hermansen, said to Danwatch and Information: “The IDF had an urgent need after the attack, where they called and asked how much we had and how much we could deliver now and then. Then we had to see what we could do" (translation). The director did not want to disclose to the Danwatch and Information journalists the specific amount for which MyDefence has exported, but said that the company expects an "extraordinarily large turnover" in 2023, among other things as a result of the order from the IDF: "... the order from the IDF will make up approximately one fifth of the turnover for the whole of 2023" (translation). In 2021, the Danish authorities at the Defense Materiel and Procurement Agency (FMI) assessed that the equipment that MyDefense exports does not require either a military or dual-use export permit [172]. Experts have estimated that these equipment significantly increase the capacity of Israeli military in Gaza. Amnesty and Human Rights Watch in Denmark have commented that exported weapons can be used to commit or facilitate serious violations of human rights or humanitarian international law and by allowing the exports, Denmark risks complicity in war crimes [172].

Researchers from the Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering at DTU have collaborated with MyDefence on research involving the sensing and imaging of drones [173]. It is important to highlight that while we do not have evidence of DTU researchers working on projects related to the equipment that has been exported to Israel and used to commit war crimes, this specific collaboration represents a potential risk for future involvement of DTU staff in activities that may contribute to a similar end. We find it problematic that DTU staff openly engage in technical discussions with a company that has acknowledged its export of military equipment to Israel worth tens of millions of Danish kroner.

IntSite is an Israeli startup which uses AI and deep learning models in conjunction with Internet of Things (IoT) devices (such as cameras and sensors), computer vision, and language processing algorithms to automate construction and mining equipment [174]. Alongside Technion, DTU collaborated with IntSite in the Horizon 2020 project “BIM2TWIN: Optimal Construction Management & Production Control” which ended in 2024 [112]. Recently IntSite has partnered with a major Israeli construction company Shikun & Binui to help develop and expand their technological capabilities [174]. Shikun & Binui is directly implicated in the occupation by building illegal settlements in East Jerusalem and the West Bank, checkpoints, and parts of the separation wall [175]. The Norwegian Pension Fund divested entirely from the company in 2012 after a state ethics board recommended the move to the Norwegian Ministry of Finance due to their involvement in construction projects that are in direct contravention of international law [176]. IntSite’s technology is likely to be used by their industrial partners to help develop illegal settlements in the oPt, which creates a large risk that DTU’s research output could directly contribute to the occupation.

Milestone Systems is a Danish software manufacturer specializing in video management software and surveillance systems [177] that has  supplied its platform, via the arms manufacturer Elbit, to the Israeli company Corsight [178] Corsight has developed technology that the Lavender AI system relies on, used by Israel’s military intelligence for automated target selection in its genocidal war in Gaza. Lavender’s error rates have reportedly frequently misidentified civilians and within the first few weeks of Israel’s attack on Gaza flagged 37,000 Palestinians as potential, suspected militant targets [37,179–181]. Milestone’s video technology integrates with Corsight’s facial recognition systems, and according to Milestone’s official response, they cannot account for how their Israeli partner uses their product [182]. 

One particularly concerning collaboration between DTU and Milestone is the research project “Managed Video as a Service (MVaaS)” which ran from 2013 to 2016. Other collaborators included Aalborg University, Securitas, and Nabto. With a total budget of €4m (incl. €2m from Højteknologifonden and €1.2m from Milestone), the project aimed to develop an advanced surveillance system, integrating metadata searching and built-in analytics to predict and prevent security incidents. It was designed to serve both private home security and large public spaces. One of its main features was to detect abnormal movement patterns to issue preemptive alerts before security incidents occur [183,184]. The technology, though marketed as a home and public safety tool, has potential dual-use implications, since it can be adapted for uses that can infringe on privacy and human rights via the advanced capabilities for behavior prediction and automated surveillance. These features could be easily adapted for intrusive mass surveillance or oppressive uses, particularly given Milestone System’s partnerships with Israeli entities involved in developing military AI systems used in the oPt.

Interestingly, this project could not be found in DTU’s research project database, however open source investigation led to the discovery of an industrial PhD and the DTU supervisor connected to the project [185,186]. The absence of readily accessible documentation about this project in DTU’s database raises further questions about how DTU’s research is used outside of academic contexts. Additionally, Milestone has fostered ties with DTU by entering into a five year start-up collaboration, through initiatives such as the High Tech Summit which is a program supporting start-ups within DTU’s innovation ecosystem, awarding entrepreneurial achievements, and talent hunting among DTU’s engineering students [187,188].

Mellanox Technologies was an Israeli-American multinational supplier of computer networking products, offering adapters, switches,  software, cables, and silicon components for markets including high-performance computing, data centers, computer data storage, and financial services [189]. In 2008, Cisco signed a partnership agreement with the Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas, investing $10m to support the development of the Palestinian high-tech sector, which involved outsourcing work to Palestinian engineers and technicians [190]. Since Cisco’s 2008 deal, Mellanox, alongside Israeli subsidiaries of Intel and Microsoft, have also outsourced work to Palestinian technicians [191]. This outsourcing lowers production costs by leveraging exploitative labor practices and deepens the dependence of Palestinian economic development on the economic and political priorities of the occupying power [192]. In 2020, Mellanox Technologies was acquired by the NVIDIA Corporation, and while NVIDIA has stopped using the Mellanox brand name for new networking products, their technology still plays a crucial role in NVIDIA’s data center and high performance computing solutions [193,194].

From 2020 to 2024 DTU coordinated a large project included in the FET programme of the Horizon 2020 funding framework. The project, titled “CMOS compatible and ultra broadband on-chip SiC frequency comb” [195], involved a consortium of 7 partners from various universities and companies, including Mellanox Technologies. Mellanox participated with an EU contribution of €660k and vast expertise in the realms of optical communications and silicon processing technologies, while DTU contributed with expertise in non-linear optics and nanofabrication among other things. DTU co-authored 13 peer-reviewed papers while Mellanox filed one patent during the project [195]. This collaboration is particularly problematic because the nature of the project is adjacent to Mellanox Technologies’s primary activity sector. Their parent company NVIDIA supplies embedded AI computing modules [196] for the Lanius drones [197] produced by Israel’s largest arms manufacturer Elbit Systems, which is also one of Israel’s biggest suppliers for the war on Gaza [198]. This collaborative project had not only the potential of research output from DTU being transferred to the development of systems used in the war on Gaza, but also gave Mellanox Technologies an increased visibility in this research field, at DTU as well as at the other partner institutions. A very similar case was the center of debate in Ireland where the Tyndall National Institute was involved in the PHORMIC Horizon Europe project together with Mellanox Technologies [199]. Here students and staff at University College Cork as well as the university’s BDS group urged the university to stop this collaboration due to a potential for indirectly contributing to the development of components for weapon systems used in the war on Gaza [200].

Finally, DTU and Mellanox also collaborated in the EU project "PUZZLE: Towards a Sophisticated SIEM Marketplace for Blockchain-based Threat Intelligence and Security-as-a-Service" which aimed to develop cybersecurity tools [201].

Ness A.T. is a private Israeli information systems and technology services provider, specializing in homeland security, defense, and cyber solutions [202]. It provides services to the Israeli Civil Administration and Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories in the occupied West Bank [203–206], supports the Israeli Air Force with intelligence systems [207,208], and trains security forces, including Shin Bet’s cyber unit, in cyber operations [209]. The company has also established training centers in occupied East Jerusalem and the settlement of Beitar Illit, and serves as a subcontractor for the Israeli Police [210,211].

T.S.G. IT Advanced Systems is an Israeli cybersecurity company that provides defense, telecommunications, and homeland security solutions [212]. According to the Israeli NGO WhoProfits, T.S.G. IT contracted with the Israeli Ministry of Defense for the relocation of Israeli military units to the Negev and the establishment of new military data centers [213,214]. T.S.G. IT also developed the Sky Solver (Hebrew: Poter Shamaim) technology, which has been used by the Israeli military in drills, and a command & control system that has been installed in dozens of illegal Israeli settlements in the occupied West Bank (including the Latrun enclave no-man’s land, occupied in 1967) [215]. Finally, T.S.G. IT developed the intelligence command and control (C2) system Castle of the Lake (Hebrew: Tirat Ha’agam), which links information input from every possible source (air force, navy, ground troops), and intelligence services, then processes the data and presents it to military decision makers [216,217].

Both of these companies have been contributing to the violations of Palestinian human rights and the perpetuation of Israeli apartheid through their technological and infrastructural support to the Israeli military and settlement complex, as well as by facilitating the advanced surveillance and control over Palestinians, further entrenching the occupation. DTU collaborated with both companies in the CATO (CBRN crisis management: Architecture, Technologies and Operational procedures) project from January 2012 to December 2014, which aimed to create an advanced Open Toolbox for managing CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear) crises, focusing on preparedness, detection, response, and recovery. T.S.G. IT served as coordinator and received €237k, while Ness A.T received €1.7m from the EU FP7-SECURITY program. The project integrated knowledge, planning, decision-support systems, and innovative models to support policymakers and field teams. The toolbox included features like medical countermeasures, simulation-based training, and the use of new data sources, such as population input and CCTV [218].

While designed for emergency preparedness, CATO’s technologies have dual-use potential. The same tools used for crisis management, surveillance, and decision-making could be repurposed for militarized or oppressive applications, such as monitoring civilian populations, targeting dissent, or controlling contested territories under the guise of security and resilience. Irrespective of the potential for dual-use in this project, DTU’s partnership with companies that are involved in maintaining the Israeli occupation and apartheid regime is legitimizing entities and practices that perpetuate systemic human rights abuses.

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