This investigation will analyze intraoperative parameters and postoperative outcomes in patients ventilated with FCV during various surgical procedures. The retrospective analysis will include approximately 1,000 patients who underwent surgery at HOCH Health Ostschweiz, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, between 2022 and 2025.

This investigation will systematically review and analyze current publications on FCV to summarize existing evidence across diverse surgical and clinical settings. The review will assess study quality, methodology, and reported outcomes to identify consistent findings and gaps in current knowledge. By integrating data from both experimental and clinical studies, this systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of FCV’s efficacy, safety, and clinical applicability, thereby guiding future research and trial design.

This is a post–hoc analysis of the PROFLOW–ROBOTic pilot trial investigating sex differences in mechanical power in robot–assisted laparoscopic surgery. The analysis examines whether the individualized nature of FCV mitigates known sex disparities associated with conventional ventilation strategies. The findings contribute to a better understanding of personalized mechanical ventilation and may help guide future research on sex–specific ventilatory management. This work served as the Master’s thesis of Lieve Jacobs at the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in 2026.