Multi-scale Integrated Modeling

Whole-device modeling, at its heart, is multiscale, integrated modeling. There are very few laboratory plasmas that are not characterized by an extraordinary range of spatio-temporal scales, very often best described with distinct physics models that must be integrated. Sometimes this integration happens within a single code or namespace, but there are also prominent examples of distinct modules which were once stand-alone simulation codes, now coupled together within a single simulation or optimization loop. PPPL has active teams engaged in whole-device modeling of tokamaks (especially transport and MHD), stellarators (especially optimization), open configurations (such as magnetic mirrors), and low-temperature plasma reactors that are used to etch the smallest features on modern semiconductor components.