Central Processing Unit

The central processing unit (CPU) processes information. The faster a CPU is, the faster your computer will run. CPU speed is measured in gigahertz (GHz). This measures how many tasks per second the CPU can complete.

Information Storage

There are multiple ways for information and data to be stored in a computer. For permanent, long-term storage, computers use internal hard drives and solid state drives (SSDs). If you want to transfer information between computers, external storage devices like USB drives, SD cards, and external hard drives are useful. Computers can also temporarily store data in the form of RAM for immediate use that gets deleted when you turn off the computer. Outside of a computer, data can be stored in the cloud through services like Google Drive, Dropbox, and One Drive.

The unit of measurement for data storage is called a byte. A byte (also represented as a capital letter B) is a very small amount of information – enough to store one character of text. When you have many bytes, you can start to refer to them using different terms. A kilobyte (KB) is about a thousand bytes. A megabyte (MB) is about a million bytes. A gigabyte (GB) is about a billion bytes.

RAM

RAM stands for Random Access Memory. RAM is where the computer temporarily stores data that it needs at that moment or that it will need soon. The more RAM a computer has, the greater the number of files and applications can be accessed at the same time. The RAM is cleared when the computer is powered off, so any files to be kept must be saved to the hard drive first.

Cache Data

Have you ever noticed how quickly websites that you go to often load? This is because when working online there are pieces of information, like images, that the computer needs to access frequently and quickly. The more available that information is, the faster the computer can access it. This information is stored in a cache, keeping this data so that it doesn’t have to be downloaded every time you visit the page.

Other Components and Troubleshooting

In addition to these internal components, computer hardware includes input and output devices like a keyboard, mouse, monitor, speakers etc. In a laptop, these components are usually integrated, or built-in. On desktop computers, however, they can be connected with cables or paired using wireless technology like Bluetooth.

There are several easy steps you can take to try and troubleshoot issues you may have if your computer is not working. Troubleshooting is a process where you try and systematically identify an issue, typically with technology, and work through a series of steps to find a fix. If you’re having trouble with your computer, the first step in troubleshooting is to make sure all of the components are turned on. For laptop computers this is usually one power button for the entire machine, but for desktop computers you can have the computer itself, as well as the monitor, speakers, printer, and other input and output devices.

Next, make sure that all of the cables are properly connected. Sometimes these can accidentally be disconnected through everyday use.

Finally, you can troubleshoot individual input and output devices by making sure they’re properly installed and recognized by your computer. Use the computer's internal help menus for guidance.