References about Evidence Factors

Rosenbaum Paul R. Evidence factors in observational studies. Biometrika. 2010 Jun;97(2):333-45.  https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/asq019    In JSTOR:  https://www.jstor.org/stable/25734089 

Rosenbaum Paul R. Some approximate evidence factors in observational studies. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 2011 Mar 1;106(493):285-95.  https://doi.org/10.1198/jasa.2011.tm10422  In JSTOR: https://www.jstor.org/stable/41415552 

Rosenbaum Paul R. The general structure of evidence factors in observational studies. Statistical Science. 2017;32(4):514-30.  In ProjectEuclid  http://doi:10.1214/17-STS621  and JSTOR https://www.jstor.org/stable/26408856 

Rosenbaum Paul R. Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies. Chapman and Hall/CRC; 2021 Mar 30.  See the link in this web page under tab Books -> Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies

Karmakar B, Small DS, Rosenbaum PR. Using evidence factors to clarify exposure biomarkers. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2020 Mar 2;189(3):243-9.  https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz263 

Rosenbaum Paul R. A second evidence factor for a second control group. Biometrics. 2023 Dec;79(4):3968-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/biom.13921 

Rosenbaum PR. A New Construction of Evidence Factors in an Observational Study of Light Daily Alcohol Consumption and Longevity. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 2026, to appear.  https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2026.2624858  

References about Triangulation in Causal Inference

Although evidence factors and triangulation are distinct topics in causal inference, they are related.  See, for instance:

Lawlor DA, Tilling K, Davey Smith G. Triangulation in aetiological epidemiology. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2016 Dec 1;45(6):1866-86.  https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw314 

Munafò MR, Davey Smith G. Robust research needs many lines of evidence. Nature. 2018 Jan 25;553(7689):399-401.  https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-01023-3