Published in 2017.  Japanese translation in 2021. 

From the reviews

“The book is a very valuable contribution… Highly recommended.”―Carol Joyce Blumberg, International Statistical Review

“A well-written and thoughtful reflection on the doing of causal inference from one of causal inference’s noted experts.”―Jameson A. Quinn and Luke W. Miratrix, Journal of the American Statistical Association

“The author’s voice is an important element in the book’s success. Rosenbaum is consistently clear and direct, and seems at times to be speaking directly to the reader. His excellent set of examples (twenty-five of them altogether) bring the more theoretical discussions to life.”―William J. Satzer, MAA Reviews

“A treasure trove of considerations and strategies for making causal inferences from observational studies and experiments. The book is a joy to read and contains interesting material for readers at all levels of experience with causal inference.”―Dylan S. Small, Observational Studies

“Rosenbaum is a gifted expositor, and as a result, this book is an outstanding introduction to the topic for anyone who is interested in understanding the basic ideas and approaches to causal inference.”―Joel B. Greenhouse and Edward H. Kennedy, Psychometrika

“A researcher seeking instruction in the sophisticated use of [statistical] techniques may want to consult Observation and Experiment.”―James Ryerson, New York Times Book Review

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