第三場 10:00-12:00
當代的文化可以說是媒體文化,而文化領域中具關鍵性的表演藝術,不僅是跨學科更是多媒體和跨媒體的藝術,如世界聞名的台灣現代舞團雲門舞集和美國的Pilobolous舞團,就擅長將科技和多元媒體溶入舞蹈表演中。當代的實驗劇場更是採用各種不同媒體,來擴展表演的方式,和增加文化及社會批判的深意。這同時運用的多元媒體,使得媒體間的界線糢糊了,自然就創造了處於各媒體間的新的論述空間,因此探討這些媒體間關係的理論就不斷被提出來,如 multimediality(多媒體性)、Transmediality (超媒體性)、Intermediality (跨媒體性)、和 hypermedia(超媒體)等媒體理論。
「超媒體」提供各種連結,遮斷了慣有的線性習性,變成了非線性的閱讀和思考。「超媒體」首先是一種「超文本」(hypertext),但它不只有文字的連結,它還連結不同的媒體,如音樂、影帶、和圖表等等。而這些不同的媒體因為可點擊的連結保持高度的互動性。雖然現在大部份談「超媒體」這個觀念的人是程式設計的碼農們,來發展以網絡為主的應用程式介面 (Application Programming Interfaces, or APIs),但是這個觀念可以了解晚明出版家進步的現代觀。
晚明出版的劇本無用置疑的是「超文本」(hypertext),「超文本」當然和「超媒體」有密切的關係,但是戲曲出版品的副文本不只有文字的連結,如眉批中所呈現的字典連結、評點、考證、歷史典故、哲學論述、地理說明、和音樂批評等。它還連結到不同的媒體,如圖像、和透過圖像所呈現的舞台表演和居住環境、地圖、音樂點板等。這些跨越多媒體的連結,定義了晚明出版的劇本為一種「超媒體」。
本文旨在證論晚明出版的傳奇劇本是「超級媒體」的一種,由於晚明的戲曲出版品數量很大,本文首先以文秀堂出版的《新刊考正全像評釋北西廂記》為研究案例來探討它的「超媒體性」,然後,再深入分析各個媒體和劇本原文所構成的「跨媒體性」(intermediality) 的關係。
Hypermediality and Intermediality of the Late Ming Drama Publications:
Taking Wenxiu Tang Edition of Xixiang Ji as a Case Study
The contemporary culture of twenty-first century is culture of media and performing arts play a key role in the media defined culture. The performing arts are not only interdisciplinary but also arts of multi-media and intermedia. For example, the world-renowned modern dance company of Taiwan Cloudgate and the American dance troupe Pilobolous are experts in incorporating technology and multi-media into their dances. The contemporary experimental plays likewise incorporate multi-media on stages to expand their expressions and enhance their critique of contemporary culture and society. These practices blur the boundaries among media and create new spaces for discourses. Thus, the theories of multimediality, transmediality, intermediality, and hypermedia have been proposed to unravel the meanings resulted from the interactions and relations among these simultaneously present media.
‘Hypermedium” is defined by the hyperlinks of a web site that is intrinsically and beyond multimediality. It breaks and transforms the lineal convention into non-lineal patterns such as reading and thinking. Hypermedium is first a ‘hypertext.’ But its hyperlinks include not only text but also different media, such as music, video, and graphics. The multi-media maintain active interaction through the hyperlinks. Although nowadays those who still talk about ‘hypermedium’ are programmers who use the idea to develop their Application Programming Interfaces, or APIs, ‘hypermedium’ could help us understand the progressiveness and modernization of the late Ming publishers.
The plays published during the late Ming are not doubt hypertexts, which of course closely relates to hypermedia. But the paratexts in published plays feature not only textual links to dictionary, commentary, textual evidence, history and allusions, philosophy, geographical explanations, and music explanations, but also links to different media such as illustrations, stage and domesticity presented in pictures, map, and music notations. These intermedia links define the plays published during the late Ming as ‘hypermedia.’
This paper studies the late Ming drama publications as ‘hypermedia,’ and take the Wenxiu Tang edition of Xixiang ji as a case study to investigate first its hypermediality and then explores each medium’s intermedial relation with the primary text of the play.
第四場 13:10-15:10
Feng Menglong 馮夢龍 (1574–1646), in the preface of Stories Old and New 古今小說 (1620, the first of his Sanyan 三言 collections), dismisses earlier huaben stories as “crude and vulgar, shallow and frivolous.” Indeed, these stories have not displayed enough literary value to trigger much critical interest except for dating purposes as an early phase of the huaben tradition, such as in Hu Shiying and Patrick Hanan’s seminal studies. Yet these stories certainly had a broad appeal to contemporary readers, as they not only appeared in Hong Pian 洪楩 and Xiong Longfeng’s 熊龍峯 story collections—both were prominent sixteenth-century commercial publishers, but also in four fiction miscellanies from the Wanli period (1573-1620): Beauties of the State and Celestial Fragrance 國色天香, Spring Vistas in an Embroidered Valley 繡谷春容, Brush Notes for Leisured Hours 燕居筆記, and Myriad Brocades from the Grove of Emotions 萬錦情林. These are collections of a range of literary forms in the verse, prose, and narrative traditions that are juxtaposed in two-registered page settings. Since these fiction miscellanies appeared in a period that dovetailed with the circulation of huaben stories before literati collections like those of Feng Menglong and Ling Mengchu 凌濛初 (1580-1644), the ecologies of reading distinctively marketed in these miscellanies offers an important prospective for us to understand the value of these stories to late-sixteenth-and-early-seventeenth-century readers. By investigating a shared repertoire of texts and the variegated ways in which commercial publishers packaged knowledge for recreational consumption, I hope to explore those elusive reading practices and anticipations from private moments of reading for relaxation before literati editions became the mainstay of vernacular novellas.
江戶時代前期文人山岡元隣 (1631-1672) 編有一部《古今百物語評判》,此書源於山岡元隣於自宅所舉辦的「百物語」怪談會。書中特色之一為故事後,元隣會引用和(日本)、漢(中國)書籍對怪異故事進行評判,故此書被視為妖怪故事解說書。同時,幕府儒者林羅山 (1583-1657) 撰有《怪談全書》,每則後標有出處,其中多引自明代陸楫《古今說海》。另,大坂通俗作家井原西鶴 (1642-1693) 與其門下北条団水 (1663-1711) 亦有《諸国咄》、《一夜船》(即《怪談諸国物語》)怪談相關作品。其後更有書名冠「和漢」之《和漢乘合船》(正徳三年,1713刊)刊行,是設定眾人共乘一舟,輪流講述故事以寬解舟中寂寞,首為日本,後以「朝鮮學士李東郭云」開啟中國故事。以一則「和」與一則「漢」為一組,共十二組二十四話,其中可見所引漢籍書目以及與朝鮮關係。本篇欲就上述諸作,延伸中國類書研究,從志怪主題,探討江戶前期對中國類書使用之樣態。
東京大學總合圖書館藏有一部《水滸傳全本》三十卷。三十卷本可算是一種稀見本,目前世界上被人所知的僅有三部,除東京大學總合圖書館藏本以外兩部分別藏於東京大學文學部、法國巴黎國立圖書館。此本不僅罕見,《水滸傳》版本系統上的位置也相當複雜。
東京大學總合圖書館藏三十卷本中到處可見原藏者的筆記。此本刊印時間當為清代,傳入日本時間應該在其後。此書上蓋有證明明治三十三年(1900年)歸於東京帝國大學圖書館的印章。因此可以說通過書上筆記我們窺見江戶時代或明治時代日本人如何對待並閱讀此部稀見本。
書上筆記內容可以分為五種,即補鈔其他《水滸傳》版本文本和評語、單字和句子的解釋、漢字中文讀音、漢字日語讀音、圈點等。
所補鈔之文本都從王望如序《評論出像水滸傳》二十卷七十回轉寫的。此部三十卷本正本,較之其他主要《水滸傳》版本少的多。似是舊藏者發現此事,補鈔他本正文以使得情節內容更完整。為何選擇《評論出像水滸傳》,目前尚未有可靠證據。
就圈點而言,寫入此書的圈點其意義和中國古代小說版本上常見的圈點截然不同。中國古代小說版本上的圈點一般都有解釋小說情節、評論表達技巧的功能。以「〇」、「●」、「﹅」等符號指出讀者應當特別注意欣賞的部分。
此書上所寫入的圈點有「〇」、「●」、「﹅」、「×」四種。大部分都不是評論性,而是表示筆記者注意到的單字、常用字串、語法結構等。如:卷一,正文「消遣」,右旁有「〇」,左旁有筆記「ナブル」。右旁「〇」似是表示筆記者陌生或語義不清,左旁是筆記者從語境所得出的語義。又如:卷四,正文「喚喒做操刀鬼」,右旁有「〇〇」,左旁有「××××××」,上方眉欄寫有「喒俺同我」。在下一葉正文「呌俺做花和尚」右旁又有「×××××」。此符號應當表示此兩處語法結構相同。筆記者當初不懂「喚喒」,後來透過相同語法結構之比較理解「喒」和「俺」皆為第一人稱,即與「我」語義相同。眉欄筆記是筆記者所得出的結論。又如:卷八眉欄抄寫王望如序本正文並畫線「断配孟州至十字坡怎生遇張青孫二娘到孟州怎地會施恩怎地打折了蔣門神如何殺張都監云〃」。此冊書皮上亦有與此對應的筆記「怎生 怎地 如何 同用」。筆記者本來沒能把握「怎生」「怎地」語義,可是反覆閱讀後知道這些單字表達方法的疑問詞,與「如何」語義相同。書皮上記下此結論。
從這些筆記我們能看出筆記者已有文言文的基礎,而在此基礎上挑戰閱讀白話小說《水滸傳》。筆記者遇到陌生或語義不清的單字、句子,就記下符號。後來根據出現在他處的單字、句子或語境推知其義,就回到原處記下所得出的結論。邊讀小說邊寫筆記,翻來翻去學習白話的模樣彷彿在我們眼前。
此書筆記可以說是讓我們窺見江戶時代至明治時代日本讀書人的知識背景、讀書環境、唐話(當代中文白話)學習方法等的資料之一。
關鍵字:水滸傳 日本 白話 唐話 讀書