Psychopathology
09-A: Diagnosing Disorders
What is the DSM?
How is it used to diagnose different disorders?
09-B: Potential Causes of Mental Illness
What are some of the fundamental causes of psychological disorders? Be able to explain how each of the following contribute to the experience of symptoms
Biological
Psychological
Environmental
READ: Causes of Mental Illness
Also note that a cognitive approach to mental illness looks at thought patterns, and how distortions in thought (e.g., assuming the worst case scenario, exaggerating negative consequences, focusing only on mistakes and failures) can cause maladaptive feelings and behavior.
09-C: Misinformation on Potential Causes of Mental Illness - Creativity
The link between creativity and mental health have been speculated due to stories of brilliant musicians and artists of history. Read the paper on creativity and mental health to determine whether creativity and mental health are linked.
What sample did the researchers use?
What were the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the sample of this study?
What questionnaires did the participants complete?
What were the researchers' main findings?
READ: Creativity and mental health: A profile of writers and musicians
09-D: Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Autism Spectrum Disorder
What are the major symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
Why is it called a spectrum disorder?
How might some of the symptoms relate to the concept of Theory of Mind? (Note: we are not stating that the diagnosis implies a complete lack of ToM, but rather we are asking you to think about how specific behaviors we would or would not observe would require ToM.)
What are some factors that contribute to autism? Include in your response the following:
Sex of the child
Age of a parent
Infection
What are some possible explanations for why Autism diagnoses have increased dramatically in the past 20 years?
Is there any evidence that autism can be caused by vaccinations?
What type of cognitive biases would lead people to (falsely) believe that vaccines are linked to autism?
What is a "concordance rate"and how does it provide evidence that both genetics and the environment play a role in Autism?
READ: Facts About ASD
WATCH: Autism - what we know (and what we don't know yet)
WATCH: The Science of Anti-Vaccination
Early signs of autism
What three main categories of developmental features that are indicative of ASD are shown in the video?
In the first pair of children, the difference between neurotypical children and children with ASD are demonstrated by observing how they see social opportunity through play. What are the specific characteristics of the "No ASD" child and the "ASD" child that demonstrate how they see social opportunity through play differently?
In the second pair of children, the difference between neurotypical children and children with ASD are demonstrated by observing how they make social connections. What are the specific characteristics of the "No ASD" child and the "ASD" child that demonstrate how they make social connections differently?
In the third pair of children, the difference between neurotypical children and children with ASD are demonstrated by observing how they communicate effectively and share enjoyment. What are the specific characteristics of the "No ASD" child and the "ASD" child that demonstrate how they communicate and share enjoyment differently?
What signs of ASD did you observe from the video footage of children with ASD in this video? Give specific examples.
WATCH: Early Signs of Autism Video Tutorial
09-E: Bipolar Disorders
Why is the term "bipolar"used to describe manic and depressive symptoms?
What is mania?
What is the difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II?
What is the difference between a manic and hypomanic episode?
What are the symptoms of bipolar disorder listed in the YouTube video?
How is mood impacted?
How is energy impacted?
How is activity level impacted?
How is ability to concentrate impacted?
How are sleep needs impacted?
What are the treatment options for bipolar disorder?
09-F: Depressive Disorders
Depression
What are the major symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
READ: Depression (Major Depression Disorder) Symptoms
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
What are the major symptoms of Persistent Depressive Disorder?
What is the major difference between Major Depressive Disorder and Dysthymia?
READ: Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) Symptoms
Treatment-Resistant Depression
What is the breakthrough treatment for MDD or treatment-resistant depression that Dr. Husseini discusses in the video?
What do many agencies (such as the FDA) classify as treatment-resistant depression?
Why is esketamine such a breakthrough in the field of depression treatments? How is it different from other antidepressant medications?
How is esketamine administered to patients?
Why is esketamine administered in-office and not at home?
WATCH: Dr. Husseini Manji Develops Breakthrough Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder
09-G: Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
What are the major symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
READ: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms
Panic Disorder
What are the major symptoms of Panic Disorder?
How is Panic Disorder different from GAD?
READ: Panic Disorder Symptoms
Phobia
What differentiates a normal fear response from a phobia?
READ: Specific Phobia Symptoms
Just a few examples of phobias include:
Acrophobia - heights
Carcinophobia - cancer
Claustrophobia - enclosed spaces
Emetophobia - vomiting
Social phobia - groups of people
Zoophobia - animals
Social Anxiety Disorder
What are the major symptoms of Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)?
How is Social Phobia different from GAD and Panic Disorder?
09-H: Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
What are the major symptoms of PTSD?
Why is PTSD so important to know about and treat?
What can constitute a traumatic event?
Formerly, PTSD used to be classified under the anxiety disorders rather than trauma and stressor-related disorders.
Why do you think PTSD was reclassified?
Can you find rationale for why PTSD used to be classified as an anxiety disorder, based on the symptoms of PTSD?
Criterion A of PTSD in the DSM-5 is exposure to trauma. Why was criterion A the most fundamental yet controversial aspect of PTSD diagnostic criteria?
READ: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptoms
READ: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the DSM-5: Controversy, Change, and Conceptual Considerations
Adjustment Disorder
What are the major symptoms of Adjustment Disorder?
How is adjustment disorder different from PTSD?
09-I: Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
What are the major symptoms of OCD?
What are obsessions and how are they related to the compulsions that we might observe?
What are some common obsessions and compulsions seen in patients with OCD?
While many experience intrusive thoughts and perform repetitive behaviors, an OCD diagnosis is not made in every case of intrusive thought and repetitive behaviors. When is a diagnosis of OCD made?
What other psychiatric disorders is OCD often comorbid with?
READ: Symptoms of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
READ: Clinical practice guidelines for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Hoarding Disorder
What are the major symptoms of Hoarding Disorder?
How is it different from OCD?
09-J: Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
What are the major symptoms of DID (also referred to in popular culture "multiple personality disorder")?
Why are some psychologists skeptical as to whether this is actually a real disorder?
WATCH: Multiple Personalities
09-K: Schizophrenia
What are the major symptoms of Schizophrenia?
What is the difference between delusions and hallucinations?
What are examples of positive symptoms?
Why are they called positive symptoms?
What are examples of negative symptoms?
Why are they called negative symptoms?
How many positive symptoms are necessary to make the diagnosis?
How many negative symptoms are necessary?
READ: Schizophrenia Symptoms
09-L: Feeding and Eating Disorders
What are the major symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa?
What are the major symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa?
How are the two similar? How are they different?
READ: Eating Disorders
09-M: Substance-related and Addictive Disorders
Why does the DSM-5 describe substance use disorders for so many different kinds of substances?
What is the difference between Substance Use disorders and Substance Induced disorders?
Which of these two types of disorders has more to do with addiction? Which deals more with problems relating to substance use?
Where can a Maryland student go to get help with substance use?
Where can anyone go to get help with substance use?
READ: Substance Disorders
VISIT: Substance Use Intervention & Treatment Unit
Substance Use Disorder
What are some of the principles of effective treatment for SUD?
What are the 5 treatment types used for SUD?
In SUD treatment, how are medications and devices used?
For withdrawal
For relapse prevention
Opioids
Tobacco
Alcohol
Naltrexone
Acamprosate
Disulfiram
In SUD treatment, how are behavioral therapies used?
READ: Treatment Approaches for Drug Addiction
Opioid Overdose Treatment
What is Narcan (naloxone HCl)? What is it used for?
Who can get Narcan?
Where can you get Narcan?
Do you need a prescription to purchase Narcan?
Do most insurances cover the cost of Narcan?
Resources for opioid overdose training:
Maryland-specific resources for opioid overdose training
UMD's chapter of Combating Overdoses in Rural Areas (CORA) has Overdose Response Training every semester, where you can become certified in opioid overdose response and how to use naloxone in the case of opioid overdose.
READ: Narcan
09-N: Prevalence
What do prevalence rates tell us about disorders?
What are the five most diagnosed disorders?
Which is more common - anorexia or bulimia?
Before you click on the link below, write down what you would guess are the five more commonly diagnosed disorders. Then, look at the graph and compare your guess to the prevalence data. How can you apply what you learned earlier about the availability heuristic to your assumptions about disorder prevalence?