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Ishida et al. (2026) focused on a protein known as Paramecium aquaporin 1. Although previous research had indicated that this protein plays a role in the function of the contractile vacuole (DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12843), the specific substances it transports remained unknown. In this study, the research team expressed the protein in Xenopus oocytes and conducted a detailed analysis, revealing for the first time globally that it is a "multifunctional channel" capable of transporting not only water but also glycerol (an energy source) and urea (a waste product).
Somatic cilia (ci), oral apparatus (oa), cytopharyngeal microtubules (cm), postoral fiber (pof), cytoproct (cp), micronucleus (mi) and radial arms microtubules of the contractile vacuole complex (cvc) were labeled with mAb N356 (Green). While, the macronucleus (ma), digestive vacuole (dv) and nascent digestive vacuole (ndv) were not labeled. Scale bar, 50 μm. Related paper information: https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.16.915
GIF images was taken by the conforcal laser scanning microscope (Fluoview FV10i, Olympus), where P. multimicronucleatum was stained by indirect immuno-fluorescence with mAb N356 (green) and DAPI (Red). Related paper information : https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.16.915
Schematic diagram of Paramecium caudatum created by PowerPoint. Related article information: https://protistology.jp/ journal/genseiseibutsu/gensei_008_1_sou2.pdf
Schematic diagram of the cortex of Paramecium (longitudinal section). This diagram was created based on Fig. 126 in Hausmann and Hülsmann (1989) Protozoology 2nd Ed.. Related article information: https://protistology.jp/journal/ genseiseibutsu/gensei_008_1_sou2.pdf
Schematic diagram of the cortex of Paramecium (top view). This diagram is based on Figure 4.11 in Lynn (2008), with the addition of the infraciliary lattice from Allen (1971) and the ridges and grooves on the surface of the cell membrane from Gould et al. (2008). Related article information: https://protistology.jp/journal/genseiseibutsu/gensei_008_1_sou2.pdf
Localization of GFP-tagged AQP1 on contractile vacuole complex in P. multimicronucleatum. Cell was fixed and incubated with DS-1, a monoclonal antibody against A4 antigen of the V-ATPase (Allen et al., 1990; Fok et al., 1995; Fok et al., 2002), allowing visualization of decorated spongiome in red and the AQP1 in green. information:https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12843
This GIF image shows the Localization of GFP-tagged AQP1 on contractile vacuole complex in P. multimicro-nucleatum. Cell was fixed and incubated with DS-1, a monoclonal antibody against A4 antigen of the V-ATPase (Allen et al., 1990; Fok et al., 1995; Fok et al., 2002), allowing visualization of decorated spongiome in red and the AQP1 in green.
Schematic diagram of the contractile vacuole complex. ampullae; collecting canal; contractile vacuole; pore; decorated spongiome; microtubular ribbon; smooth spongiome. Related paper information: https:// doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12843
Single contractile vacuole complex (CVC) observed in side view (upper case) and overhead view (lower case) undergoing cycles of filling (diastole) and expulsion (systole) of its fluid content as the contractile vacuole (CV) membrane fuses then separates from plasma membrane with radial arms. This animation was created on the basis of Tominaga, Naitoh and Allen, 1999, J. Cell Sci., 122, 3733- 3745.
The processes of the digestive cycle in P. multimicronucleatum. This animation was created on the basis of Allen and Fok, 2000, Int. Rev. Cytol., 198, 277-318.
Schematic diagram depicting the left side, dorsal side, right side and ventral side of the oral apparatus in Paramecium created by PowerPoint. Relataed paper information: J. Euk. Microbiol., 48(6): 640-646
Schematic diagram of ciliary row and infraciliary lattice pattern viewed from the ventaral side of Paramecium (Allen et al., 1988, J. Eukaryot. Microbiol, 45, 202-209.) created by PowerPoint.
Morphology of the micronucleus and macronucleus during cell division in Paramecium caudatum with anti α-tubulin antibody (mAb N356) and DAPI staining.
Schematic diagram of nuclear morphology changes during the conjugation process of Parmecium caudatum.
Morphology of the micronucleus and macronucleus during the conjugation process of Paramecium caudatum with anti α-tubulin antibody (mAb N356) and DAPI staining.
Schematic diagram of double filtering method for cell washing created by PowerPoint.
Schematic diagram of tree method for making sterile strain of Paramecium created by PowerPoint. Related paper information: https://doi.org/10.18980/jjprotozool.JJP16-05
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