The Primary Math curriculum is the best because of its approach to teaching and learning mathematics. The instructional design of this curriculum is a delicate balance between understanding and practice. This skillful design is what makes math education accessible for kids who first learn for understanding and then engage in practice, which becomes meaningful and leads to long-lasting mastery of math facts.

The current mathematics curricula for the primary level and the junior (lower) secondary level were introduced in 2002 and 2001, respectively. In addition to emphasizing the importance of acquiring subject matter knowledge and skills, the mathematics curricula at the primary and junior (lower) secondary levels aim to help students develop general skills in and build up positive attitudes toward mathematics, as well as emphasizing the appropriate use of information technology.17


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The curriculum covers five content areas at the primary level: Number; Shape and Space; Measurement; Data Handling; and Algebra.20 Algebra is introduced in Grade 5 (Primary 5). Exhibit 1 presents the mathematics topics taught in each content area at the primary level.

At the junior (lower) secondary level, the mathematics curriculum further integrates the five content areas taught in the primary grades into three main learning areas: Number and Algebra; Measurement, Shape, and Space; and Data Handling.21 Exhibit 2 presents the mathematics topics taught in each content area at the junior (lower) secondary level.

Although the terms numeracy, mathematics and mathematical literacy are often used interchangeably (Groves et al., 2006), it is important to differentiate between these two ideas and consider what this means for the teaching of mathematics and learning numeracy.

The Victorian Curriculum: Mathematics identifies the fundamental relationship between learning in mathematics and numeracy. This relationship is demonstrated and reinforced across the strands of the mathematics curriculum and in the teaching and learning program through the proficiencies:

Available for secondary and P-12 government schools. Includes curriculum-aligned videos, animations and mini clips to support teaching and learning in mathematics and numeracy. An information pack for parents is also available.

White Rose Maths is a pioneering educational initiative that emphasizes a comprehensive understanding of mathematics. It's a pedagogical approach that has been embraced by both primary and secondary schools to enhance maths skills and problem-solving skills.

The White Rose Maths curriculum is designed to provide students with a solid foundation in mathematics. Students will gain a deep understanding of mathematics and enjoy solving mathematical problems with this course. The primary curriculum puts a significant emphasis on mathematical skills, curriculum content has to be well sequenced in order to promote a depth of understanding.

Traditional maths teaching has been criticised for being too abstract and difficult to grasp by many young learners. The mastery method is based on the idea that learning mathematics should be fun and enjoyable. It focuses on developing deep understanding rather than memorisation. This means that it helps children develop self-belief, persistence and resilience.

The White Rose Curriculum's structure is a testament to a holistic approach to learning. It's not just about teaching maths; it's about nurturing curiosity, creativity, and critical thinking. This sentiment is supported by a statistic showing that schools implementing the White Rose Curriculum have seen a 65% increase in student engagement in mathematics.

Oxford University Press provide high-quality mathematics resources to support primary school teachers and learners around the world. We publish a wide range of EYFS, Key Stage 1, and Key Stage 2 maths materials, including:

We have published non-statutory guidance on teaching mathematics in primary schools and at key stage 3. This guidance identifies the core concepts that pupils need to progress, and can help teachers adapt and prioritise their curriculum.

We have also worked with the National Centre for Excellence in the Teaching of Mathematics to develop an aligned package of resources, materials and training. This includes, for example, 180 primary maths video lessons and a series of planning to teach secondary maths videos that offer advice on teaching crucial key stage 3 topics.

Some countries have included CT as its own subject, while others have embedded it in current subjects such as mathematics and information technology, and a key question is how to best prepare and support teachers to include CT into their teaching practices [9]. Several professional development efforts have been conducted to help teachers implementing CT [e.g. 10, 11] and these studies suggest that there is a need to upskill teachers and give specific guidance. However, research on how in-service teachers understand and adapt CT in their teaching practice is limited.

The overall project was given full ethics approval by the Norwegian Social Science Data Service, ensuring the interests of the participants. We are aware of the limitations of this study, which are mainly connected to the small number of interviews conducted with only female teachers,Footnote 2 and we are mindful of the limits to the generalisability of our results. However, we propose that our findings can provide insight into how primary school teachers understand the introduction of CT in mathematics three months after the inclusion of CT in mathematics in Norwegian primary schools.

In this section, we revisit our research question that guided our work and discuss how our analysis shows how primary school teachers understand the integration of CT in their mathematics teaching practices.

Algorithmic thinking is mentioned only once in the Norwegian mathematics curriculum, and the term programming is used to describe the competence goals after Grade 4. In our study, the teachers referred to CT (or algorithmic thinking) as programming or coding, which is not surprising given the fact that the curriculum uses these terms. In the activities observed in the classroom, we saw the teachers make use of coding in the form of both screen-based programming activities and unplugged activities. Drawing on results from previous research, we can see these activities as promising, as past studies have reported that learning screen-based programming languages such as Scratch [36] and engaging in unplugged programming tasks [26] seem to have a positive impact on learning CT skills (but not on mathematics, as such). In addition, Kandlhofer et al. [2] found that using unplugged tasks sorting algorithms with LEGO bricks has a positive impact on introducing kindergarten and primary school students to fundamental AI/computer science topics. In the same manner, various studies have demonstrated that mathematics can benefit from the implementation of CT through computer programming [28] and through building, creating and developing algorithms [17]. We found that the teachers in our study were on their way to implementing these activities in their teaching. Unfortunately, these activities are still disconnected from mathematics, and activities featuring digital tangibles were only mentioned and not used by the teachers. This lack of knowledge gives rise to concerns about the successful entry of CT into the established information ecology, as teachers may unintentionally take on the role of being gate closers.

Another concern is how the unplugged and screen-based tasks used by the teachers contribute to changing the mathematics ecology. That is, CT takes up time and space that can, at times, move the mathematical content into the background; more importantly, it can lead teachers to misinterpret or lose focus on the primary goals of the curriculum, such as when Kimmi introduced standard algorithms in Grade 4. This decision stands in stark contrast to what is recommended in the mathematics education literature [37]. This is a finding that warrants further investigations.

This study provided a lens through which to understand more about how teachers understand the integration of CT in their mathematics teaching practices. There is certainly a need to empower teachers with more knowledge, but even now, the introduction of CT in mathematics is promising, with most teachers revealing a willingness to give CT a place in their established mathematics ecology. However, there is a need for more research to determine how to fruitfully use CT to teach mathematics through full integration, as described by Israel and Lash [12], and how to integrate the already-existing knowledge of CT-related terminology (e.g., distinguishing algorithmic thinking from standard algorithms). 006ab0faaa

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