Phylogenetic Analysis of Selected Coleoptera and Lepidoptera Species found in Polytechnic University of the Philippines - Mabini Campus, Sta. Mesa, Manila (Insecta: Holometabola)

• Character matrices are tabular representations that are commonly used in fields such as systematics, phylogenetics, and evolutionary biology to analyze and compare traits across different species or groups of organisms [3].

• A cladogram is a graphical representation that depicts the theoretical relationship between various groups of organisms, along with their shared ancestors, known as phylogeny [4]. Each cladogram is tailored to its specific purpose and application [1]. Both cladograms and phylogenetic trees show relationships among organisms, and how alike, or similar, they might be [2].

• The importance of phylogeny lies in its ability to uncover the evolutionary history and relationships of organisms.