NIC - Network Interface Card - This contains a physical address called the MAC. The computer itself has no identification to the network itself normally. If the NIC is moved then the connection(node) and address contained in it, moves with it to the new computer.
HUB - generally uses data BROADCAST all data is broadcast to all connected machines.
SWITCH - uses UNICAST and certain machines can be allocated certain ports on the switch meaning it is much more efficient.
ROUTER - Most complex. Interface often between internet ISPs and end user machines. It contains a complex single-use computer which is programmed to unicast data to certain machines, use certain ports and also more complex functions.