rhetorical devices
LOGOS
STATISTICS
Perhaps the easiest to identify. Statistics are numbers used to suggest factual information. But beware statistics are open to interpretation.
FACTUAL EVIDENCE (EXAMPLES)
Factual evidence occurs when the author offers examples of something or provides proof.
REASONING
Reasoning is the use of a logical progression of ideas to come to a conclusion.
ANALOGY
Analogy is used when the author makes an extended comparison between 2 things which are alike in many respects to suggest that they may be alike in other respects.
COMPARISON
Comparison is when the author compares limited aspects of 2 or more things.
CHALLENGING ASSUMPTIONS
Challenging Assumptions occurs when the author wants to present a radical argument, but in order to do so, old ideas must be removed first.
HYPOTHETICALS
Hypotheticals are the weakest form of logical argument because they rely on imaginary situations. However, in limited circumstances, they can form the base of a larger argument.
ETHOS
CREDIBILITY OF THE AUTHOR
Authors establish their credibility through experience, education, past actions and even just charisma.
CREDIBILITY OF CONTRIBUTOR (PERSON OR GROUP)
This is the same as credibility of the author except that the author is using someone else’s credibility to build the argument. When this is referred to a appeal to authority it can become a logical fallacy because we are merely trusting someone in authority.
PATHOS
DICTION
Diction is also referred to a word choice. English has a vast vocabulary and many words have specific connotations in addition to their denotations. Those connotations carry emotional weight. For Example, thin versus emaciated. Thin has a positive connotation (when speaking about people), but emaciated has a negative connotation.
SYNTAX
Syntax is the structure of sentences. Certain sentences due to their constructions are inherently more persuasive than others.
CONCESSION/REFUTATION
Concession happens when the author concedes to the oppositions points and agrees they are valid.
Refutation is the anticipation of an attack and an explanation why the opposition’s point of view is invalid. These strategies are persuasive because they create the sense that the author has considered all sides of the issue and thus is giving an less biased point of view.
ANECDOTE
Anecdotes are short descriptions of events that are designed to set up a point or evoke a feeling in the reader.
RHETORICAL QUESTIONS
Rhetorical Questions are questions posed to the reader that have an obvious or intended answer.
APPEAL TO IDENTITY (WE)
Appeal to Identity can involve more than one rhetorical strategy, but at its heart it creates a sense of belonging with the reader through appeal to experience, the use of collective pronouns (we, us), the use of 2nd person (you), and flattery.