Darwin & Literature: Bibliography

Darwinism and the Victorian Literary Imagination: A Bibliography

The literature of Darwinism, especially the technical literature, is enormous. This bibliography is for students of literature and perhaps historians of biology. It is pretty much restricted to secondary sources which in some way deal explicitly with, or represent, or throw light on, the relations between Darwinism (or, more generally, evolutionary biology) and imaginative literature in the late nineteenth century. Some more obscure relevant primary texts from the period are incuded.

Readers are advised that I'm making this bibliography available on an 'as is' basis. There are many typographical errors caused by the scanning process. While it is fairly comprehensive within its limits, it is not up to date. I hope to add to it periodically. Details of other items for inclusion are very welcome.

David Clifford had a most useful site on neo-Lamarckism and Victorian writers but the only URL I had for this no longer works. He had an extensive and up-to-date bibliography on the site.

Major Sources

Appleman, Philip Dean (1955), 'Darwin and the literary critics', unpublished PhD thesis, Northwestern University. Deals with the biological data available to, and used by, Pater, Stephen, J.A. Symonds and others.

Baldwin, James Mark (1910), Darwin and the Humanities, 2nd ed (London: Swann Sonnenschein).

Beer, Gillian (1983, 1985), Darwin's Plots: Evolutionary Narrative in Darwin, George Eliot and Nineteenth-Century Fiction (London: Ark Paperbacks). A clever and original study which is greatly interested in tracing out, in fiction, many of the meanings latent in Darwin's metaphors and Darwinian 'myths'. Deals closely with George Eliot and also with Kingsley, Hardy, Tennyson, etc.

Beer, Gillian (1986) 'Darwin's reading and the fictions of development'; see Kohn, 1986.

Conner, Frederick William (1913), Cosmic Optimism: A Study of the Interpretation of Evolution by American Poets from Emerson to Robinson (New York: Octagon Books). Contains a great deal of general material on the poetic response to evolutionary theory.

Culler, A. Dwight (1967), 'The Darwinian Revolution and Literary Form'; see Levine and Madden, 1968. This lively essay asserts that the real Darwinian influence in Victorian literature was to invert values -- a process which he traces from Butler to Carroll and on to Wilde, Pater and the literary decadence.

Dale, Peter Allen (1989), In Pursuit of a Scientific Culture: Science, Art, and Society in the Victorian Age (Madison: U. of Wisconsin Press).

Ebbatson, Roger (1982), The Evolutionary Self: Hardy, Forster, Lawrence (Sussex: Harvester Press).

Henkin, Leo Justin (1963), Darwinism in the English Novel, 1860-1910: The Impact of Evolution on Victorian Fiction (New York: Russell & Russell). First published in 1940, this is the standard treatment, especially for minor fictional works. Major authors like Hardy are treated very sketchily.

Irvine, William (1959), 'The influence of Darwin on literature', Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 103 (October), pp. 616-28.

Jones, Arthur Edward (1950), Darwinism and Its Relationship to Realism and Naturalism in American Fiction, 1860 to 1900 (Madison: Drew University Press).

Kohn, David ed (1986), The Darwinian Heritage (Princeton: Princeton University Press).

Levine, George Lewis, and Madden, William Anthony (eds) (1968), The Art of Victorian Prose (London: OUP).

Levine, George (1988), Darwin and the Novelists: Patterns of Science in Victorian Fiction (Cambridge & London: Harvard University Press). Deals with pre-Darwinian 'biological' attitudes in Austen (Mansfield Park) and Scott, and Darwinism in Dickens, Trollope and to a lesser extent in Conrad. A solid central chapter deals with the Darwinian revolution - the replacement of natural theology by natural selection - and its effect on the novelists' imagination.

Manly, John Matthews (1907), 'Literary forms and the new theory of the origin of species', Modern Philology, vol. 4 (April), pp. 577-95. An early attempt to apply Vriesian mutation theory to problems of literary history, particularly the rise of Elizabethan drama.

Morton, Peter (1984), The Vital Science: Biology and the Literary Imagination 1860-1900 (London: Allen & Unwin). Covers degeneration, eugenics, evolutionism and inheritance theory, and the imaginative possibilities perceived in these concepts by Hardy, Butler, Wells and several other novelists.

Norris, Margot (1985), Beasts of the Modern Imagination: Darwin, Nietzsche, Kafka, Ernst and Lawrence (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP).

O'Hanlon, Redmond (1984). Joseph Conrad and Charles Darwin: The Influence of Scientific Thought on Conrad's fiction (Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press).

Peckham, Morse (1959), 'Darwinism and Darwinisticism', Victorian Studies, vol. 3 (September), pp. 3-40. An excellent and thought-provoking discussion which deals with problems of definition and terminology.

Roppen, George (1956), Evolution and Poetic Belief. A Study in Some Victorian and Modern Writers (Oslo: Oslo University Press). A massive study which deals not only with Tennyson, Browning, Swinburne and Meredith but also with Butler, Shaw and Wells. However, it contains little close inspection of Victorian biological ideas.

Routh, Harold Victor (1937), Towards the Twentieth Century: Essays in the Spiritual History of the Nineteenth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Devotes three chapters to an examination of the part Darwinism played in the development of the English Naturalistic and Realistic schools.

Stevenson, Lionel (1932), Darwin among the Poets (Chicago: University of Chicago Press). Covers the major Victorian poets, and concentrates on Tennyson, Browning and Arnold. Also deals extensively with the pre-Darwinian period.

Stevenson, Lionel (1960), 'Darwin and the novel', Nineteenth-Century Fiction, vol. 15 (June), pp. 29-38.

Turner, John Mills (1944), 'The response of major American writers to Darwinism, 1859-1910', unpublished PhD thesis, Harvard University.

Young, Robert (1985), Darwin's Metaphor: Nature's Place in Victorian Culture (Cambridge, CUP).

Zirkle, Conway (1959), Evolution, Marxian Biology, and the Social Scene (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press). Contains a chapter on neo-Lamarckism and its influence on literature of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Other Studies

'1,000,000 AD' (1893), Punch, vol. 105, 25 November, p. 250.

Adams, Henry (1946), The Education of Henry Adams (New York: Random House).

Alexander, Edward (1965), Matthew Arnold and John Stuart Mill (London: Routledge Kegan Paul).

Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1877), Physiological Aesthetics (London: King).

Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1879a), 'Evolution, Old and New... ', Academy, vol. 15, 17 May, pp. 426-7.

Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1879b), The Colour Sense: Its Origin and Development. An Essay in Comparative Psychology (London: Trubner).

Alien, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1881a), The Evolutionist at Large (London: Chatto & Windus).

Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1881b), Vignettes from Nature (London: Chatto & Windus).

[Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie] (1884), 'The Child of the Phalanstery ', Belgravia, vol. 54 (August), pp. 163-76. Published under the pseudonym 'J. Arbuthnot Wilson'. Reprinted in Allen's Twelve Tales (London: Grant Richards, 1899), pp. 45-64.

Alien, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1885), Charles Darwin (London: Longmans, Green).

Alien, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1890a), 'Essays upon Heredity', Academy, vol. 37, 1 February, pp. 83-.4.

Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1890b), 'The girl of the future', Universal Review, vol. 7 (May), pp. 49-64.

Alien, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1894), The Lower Slopes: Reminiscences of Excursions round the Base of Helicon . . . (London: Matthews & Lane).

Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie ( 189 5), The Woman Who Did (London: John Lane).

Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1897), The Evolution of the Idea of God: An Inquiry into the Origins of Religions (London: Grant Richards).

Alien, Garland E. (1969), 'Hugo de Vries and the reception of the "mutation theory" ', Journal of the History of Biology, vol. 2 (Spring), pp. 55-87.

Altick, Richard Daniel (1957), The English Common Reader: A Social History of the Mass Reading Public, 1800-1900 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

Altick, Richard Daniel (1974), Victorian People and Ideas (London: Dent).

Annan, Noel (1959), 'Science, religion, and the critical mind: introduction'; see Appleman, Madden and Wolff.

Antioch Review (1959), vol. 19 (Spring).

Appleman, Philip Dean (1959a), 'Darwin, Pater, and a crisis in criticism'; see Appleman, Madden and Wolff.

A[ppleman], P[hilip Dean] (1959b), 'The logic of evolution: some reconsiderations', Victorian Studies, vol. 3 (September), pp. 115-25.

Appleman, Philip Dean, Madden, William, and Wolff, Michael (eds)(1959), 1859:Entering an Age of Crisis (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press).

Argyll, 8th Duke of, see Campbell, George Douglas.

Armytage, Waiter Harry Green (1968), Yesterday's Tomorrows: A Historical Survey of Future Societies (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul).

Arnold, Matthew (1895), Letters of Matthew Arnold, 1848-1888..., ed. George W.E. Russell, 2 vols (London: Macmillan).

Arnold, Matthew (1935), Culture and Anarchy: An Essay in Political and Social Criticism, ed. J. Dover Wilson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Arnold, Matthew (1960-), The Complete Prose Works of Matthew Arnold, ed. R.H. Super, 11 vols to date (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press).

Athenaeum (1868), anonymous review of The Principles of Geology, 28 March, p. 455.

Athenaeum (1879), anonymous review of Evolution, Old and New..., 26 July, pp.115-17.

Athenaeum (1889), anonymous review of The Ascent of Man, 20 July, pp. 87-8.

Athenaeum (1892), anonymous review of Tess of the d'Urbervilles, 9 January, pp.

Badash, Lawrence (1968), 'Rutherford, Boltwood, and the age of the earth: the origin of radioactive dating techniques', Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 112 (June), pp. 157-69.

Bagehot, Walter (1872), Physics and Politics, or Thoughts on the Application of the Principles of 'Natural Selection' and 'Inheritance' to Political Society (London: King).

Bailey, James Osier (1945), 'Hardy's "imbedded fossil" ', Studies in Philology, vol.42 (July), pp. 663-74.

Bailey, James Osier (1947), Pilgrims through Space and Time: Trends and Patterns in Scientific and Utopian Fiction (New York: Argus Books).

Bailey, James Osier (1956), Thomas Hardy and the Cosmic Mind: A New Reading of 'The Dynasts' (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press).

Bailey, James Osier (1963), 'Evolutionary meliorism in the poetry of Thomas Hardy', Studies in Philology, vol. 60 (July), pp. 569-87.

Bailey, James Osier (1970), The Poetry of Thomas Hardy: A Handbook and Commentary (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press).

Baillie, John (1950), The Belief in Progress (London: Oxford University Press).

Barnett, Samuel Anthony (ed.) (1962), A Century of Darwin (London: Mercury Books).

Barton, Michael Parker (ed.) (1961), Darwinism and the Study of Society: A Centenary Symposium (London: Tavistock).

Barzun, Jacques Martin (1958), Darwin, Marx, Wagner: Cntique of a Heritage, revised 2nd edn (Garden City, NY: Doubleday).

Bateson, C. Beatrice, see Bateson, William, 1928.

Bateson, William (1894), Materials for the Study of Variation, Treated with Especial Regard for Discontinuity in the Origin of Species (London: Macmillan).

Bateson, William (1902), Mendel's Principles of Heredity: A Defence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Bateson, William (c. 1908), 'Heredity and variation in modern lights'; see Seward, 1909.

Bateson, William (1928), William Bateson, FRS, Naturalist. His Essays and Addresses, together with a Short Account of His Life by Beatrice Bateson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Baumer, Franklin L. (ed.) (1965), Intellectual Movements in Modern European History (London: Macmillan).

Beach, Joseph Warren (1936), The Concept of Nature in Nineteenth-Century English Poetry (London: Macmillan).

Beer, Gillian (1980), 'Plot and the analogy with science in later nineteenth-century literature' in E.S. Schaffer, ed. Comparative Criticism II (Cambridge UP).

Bell, Peter Robert (ed.)(1959), Darwin's Biological Work: Some Aspects Reconsidered (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Bellamy, Edward (1888), Looking Backward: 2000-1887 (Boston: Ticknor).

Bellamy, William (1971), The Novels of Wells, Bennett and Galsworthy: 1890-1910 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul).

Benn, Alfred William (1962), The History of English Rationalism in the Nineteenth Century, 2 vols (New York: Russell & Russell).

Bentley, Eric Russell (1957), Bernard Shaw, 1856-1950 (Norfolk, Conn.: New Directions).

Beresford, John Davys, and Tyson, Esme Wynn ( [1944] ), The Riddle of the Tower (London: Hutchinson).

Bergonzi, Bernard (1960a), 'The Time Machine: an ironic myth', Critical Quarterly, vol. 2 (Winter), pp. 293-305.

Bergonzi, Bernard (1960b), 'The publication of The Time Machine, 1894-5', Review of English Studies, vol. 11, pp. 42-51.

Bergonzi, Bernard (1961), The Early H.G. Wells: A Study of the Scientific Romances (Manchester: Manchester University Press).

Berry, Minta Sue (1963), 'Creation's groan: late nineteenth-century thought as reflected in the works of Thomas Hardy', unpublished PhD thesis, Vanderbilt University.

Besant, Walter (1889), The Eulogy of Richard Jefferies, 2nd edn (London: Chatto & Windus).

Bevington, Merle Mowbray (1966), The Saturday Review, 1855-1868: Representative Educated Opinion in Victorian England (New York: AMS Press).

Bibby, Cyril (1959), 'Huxley and the reception of the Origin', Victorian Studies, vol. 3 (September), pp. 76-86.

Bibby, Cyril (1972), Scientist Extraordinary: The Life and Scientific Work of Thomas Henry Huxley, 1825-1895 (Oxford: Pergamon Press).

Bissell, Claude Thomas (1940), 'A study of The Way of All Flesh'; see Davis, DeVane and Bald, 1940.

Bissell, Claude Thomas (1961), 'The Butlerian inheritance of G.B. Shaw', Dalhousie Review, vol. 41, pp. 159-73.

Bjork, Lennart A. (ed.) (1974), The Literary Notes of Thomas Hardy (Goteborg: Gothenburg Studies in English, 29).

Blacker, Carlos Paton (1952), Eugenics: Galton and After (London: Duckworth).

Bleiler, Everett Franklin (1948), The Checklist of Fantastic Literature: A Bibliography of Fantasy, Weird and Science Fiction Books, Published in the English Language (Chicago, Ill.: Shasta).

Blind, Mathilde (1886), Shelley's View of Nature Contrasted with Darwin's (printed for private distribution).

Blind, Mathilde (1899), The Ascent of Man, with an introduction by A.R. Wallace (London: T. Fisher Unwin).

Blinderman, Charles S. (1961 ), 'T. H. Huxley and Kingsley', Victorian Newsletter, vol. 20, pp. 25-8.

Blinderman, Charles S. (1962), 'Semantic aspects ofT. H. Huxley's literary style', Journal of Communication, vol. 22, pp. 171-8.

Boll, T.E.M. (1966), 'Tess as an animal in nature', English Literature in Transition, vol. 9, pp. 210-11.

Bowler, Peter (1984), Evolution: The History of an Idea (Berkeley: University of California Press).

Bowman, Sylvia Edmonia (1958), The Year 2000: A Critical Biography of Edward Bellamy (New York: Bookman Associates).

Bowman, Sylvia Edmonia, and others (1962), Edward Bellamy Abroad: An American Prophet's Influence (New York: Twane).

Brennecke, Ernest (1966), Thomas Hardy's Universe: A Study of the Poet's Mind (New York: Folcroft).

Brett, Raymond L. (1960), 'The influence of Darwin upon his contemporaries', South Atlantic Quarterly, vol. 59 (Winter), pp. 69-81.

Breuer, Hans-Peter (1970), 'A critical and annotated edition of Samuel Butler's Erewhon', unpublished PhD thesis, Stanford University.

Bridges, J.H. (1877), 'Evolution and Positivism', Fortnightly Review, vol. 22 (June), pp. 853-74, and (July), pp. 89-114.

Brogan, Howard O. (1957), 'Science and narrative structure in Austen, Hardy, and WooIf', Nineteenth-Century Fiction, vol. 11 (March), pp. 276-87.

Brome, Vincent (1951), H.G. Wells: A Biography (London: Longmans, Green).

Brooks, Jean R. (1961 ), 'Darwinism in Thomas Hardy's major novels', unpublished MA thesis, Birkbeck College, University of London.

Brooks, Jean R. (1971), Thomas Hardy: The Poetic Structure (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).

Bryan, Daniel Vance (1953), 'Samuel Butler: creative evolution in literature', unpublished PhD thesis, University of Minnesota.

Buchmann, Ralf (1941), Martin F. Tupper and the Victorian Middle Class Mind (Bern: Francke).

Bucke, Richard Maurice (1948), Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind (New York: Dutton).

Buckle, George Earle (1871 ), 'Natural selection insufficient to the development of man', Popular Science Review, vol. 10, pp. 14-24.

Buckley, Jerome Hamilton (1945), William Ernest Henley: A Study in the 'Counter-Decadence' of the 'Nineties (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).

BuckIey, Jerome Hamilton (1966a), The Triumph of Time: A Study of the Victorian Concepts of Time, History, Progress and Decadence (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press).

Buckley, Jerome Hamilton (1966b), The Victorian Temper: A Study in Literary Culture (London: Cass).

Bulwer-Lytton, Edward (1895), The Novels and Romances of Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 40 vols (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown).

Burchfield, Joe Donald (1975), Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth (London: Macmillan).

Burnaby, John (1959), Darwin and the Human Situation (Cambridge: Heffer).

Burrow, John Wyan (1963), 'Evolution and anthropology in the 1860s: the Anthropological Society of London, 1863-71', Victorian Studies, vol. 7 (December), pp. 137-54.

Burrow, John Wyan (1966), Evolution and Society: A Study in Victorian Social Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Bury, John Bagnail (1920), The Idea of Progress: An Inquiry into Its Origin and Growth (London: Macmillan).

Bush, John Nash Douglas (1950), Science and English Poetry: A Historical Sketch, 1590-1950 (London: Oxford University Press).

Butler, Samuel (1962), The Correspondence of Samuel Butler with His Sister May..., ed. Daniel F. Howard (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press).

Butler, Samuel (1965), Ernest Pontilex, or The Way of All Flesh: A Story of English Domestic Life..., ed. Daniel F. Howard (London: Methuen).

Butler, Samuel (1968), The Shrewsbury Edition of the Works of Samuel Butler, ed. Henry Festing Jones and A.T. Bartholomew, 20 vols (New York: AMS Press).

Campbell, George Douglas, 8th Duke of Argyll (1867), The Reign of Law (London: Strahan).

Campbell, George Douglas, 8th Duke of Argyll (1884), The Unity of Nature (London: Strahan).

Campbell, George Douglas, 8th Duke of Argyll (1894), The Burdens of Belief and Other Poems (London: Murray).

Campbell, George Douglas, 8th Duke of Argyll (1906), Autobiography and Memoirs..., ed. Duchess of Argyll, 2 vols (London: Murray).

Campbell, John Angus (1970), 'Darwin and the origin of species: the rhetorical ancestry of an idea', Speech Monographs, vol. 37 (March), pp. 1-14.

Cannon, Herbert Graham (1959), Lamarck and Modern Genetics (Manchester: Manchester University Press).

Cannon, Waiter F. (1961), 'The bases of Darwin's achievement: a revaluation', Victorian Studies, vol. 5 (December), pp. 109-34.

Cannon, Walter F. (1967), 'Darwin's vision in On the Origin of Species'; see Levine and Madden, 1968.

Carey, G.O. (1964), 'Butler's theory of evolution: a summary', English Literature in Transition, vol. 7, pp. 230--3.

Carpenter, Edward (1889), Civilisation: Its Cause and Cure, and Other Essays (London: Swann Sonnenschein).

Carter, George Stuart (1957), A Hundred Years of Evolution (London: Sidgwick & Jackson).

Cazamian, Madeleine L. (1923), Le Roman et les idees en Angleterre: l'influence de la science (1860-1890), Publications de la Faculte des Lettres de l'Universite de Strasbourg, Fascicule 15 (London: Oxford University Press).

'Cecil, Hugh Mortimer', see Newman, Ernest.

[Chambers, Robert] (1844), Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (London: Churchill).

Cherry, Douglas (1966), 'The two cultures of Matthew Arnold and T.H. Huxley', Wascana Review, vol. 1, pp. 53-61.

Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1937), Autobiography (London: Hutchinson).

Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1966), The Victorian Age in Literature (London: Oxford University Press).

Clagett, Marshall (ed.) (1959), Critical Problems in the History of Science (Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press).

Clarke, Ignatius Frederick (1958), 'The nineteenth-century Utopia', Quarterly Review, vol. 296, pp. 80-91.

Clarke, Ignatius Frederick (1961), The Tale of the Future: From the Beginning to the Present Day. A Checklist . . . between 1644 and 1960 (London: Library Association).

Clarke, Ignatius Frederick (1966), Voices Prophesying War, 1763-1984 (London: Oxford University Press).

Clarke, Ignatius Frederick (1979), The Pattern of Expectation, 1644-2001 (London: Cape).

Clodd, Edward (1900), Grant Allen: A Memoir, with a Bibliography (London: Grant Richards).

Clodd, Edward (1916), Memories (London: Chapman & Hall).

Cole, George Douglas Howard (1947), Samuel Butler and 'The Way of All Flesh' (London: Home & Van Thai).

Cole, Susan Ablon (1971), 'The Utopian plays of George Bernard Shaw: a study of the plays and their relationship to the fictional Utopias of the period from the early 1870s to the early 1920s', unpublished PhD thesis, Brandeis University.

Coleman, William (1971), Biology in the Nineteenth Century: Problem of Form, Function and Transformation (New York: Wiley).

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1836), Specimens of the Table Talk of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 2nd edn (London: Murray).

Collins, James (1959), 'Darwin's impact on philosophy', Thought, vol. 34, pp. 185-248.

Cornfort, Alexander (1961), Darwin and the Naked Lady: Discursive Essays on Biology and Art (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul).

Coslett, Tess, The 'Scientific Movement' and Victorian Literature.

Cowan, Ruth Leah Schwartz (1968 [published 1971]), 'Sir Francis Galton and the continuity of the germ-plasm: a biological idea with political roots', Actes du Xlle Congres International d'Histoire des Sciences, vol. 8, pp. 181-6.

Cowan, Ruth Leah Schwartz (1969), 'Sir Francis Galton and the study of heredity in the nineteenth century', unpublished PhD thesis, Johns Hopkins University.

Cowles, Thomas (1937), 'Malthus, Darwin, and Bagehot: a study in the transference of a concept', Isis, vol. 26 (March), pp. 341--8.

Cox, J. Stevens (ed.) (1969), The Library of Thomas Hardy, OM (St Peter Port: Toucan Press).

Croll, James (1877), 'Evolution by force impossible: a new argument against materialism', British Quarterly Review, vol. 77, pp. 35-71.

Crum, Ralph B. (1966), Scientific Thought in Poetry (New York: AMS Press).

Cruse, Amy (n.d.), The Victorians and Their Reading (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin).

Cunliffe, John W. (1963), Leaders of the Victorian Revolution (New York: Russell & Russell).

Daiches, David (1969), Some Late Victorian Attitudes (London: Deutsch).

Daniels, R. Balfour (1969), 'Names in the fiction of Samuel Butler', South Central Bulletin, vol. 29 (Winter), pp. 129-32.

Darlington, Cyril Dean (1959a), Darwin's Place in History (Oxford: Blackwell).

Darlington, Cyril Dean (1959b), 'The origin of Darwinism', Scientific American, vol. 200 (May), pp. 60-6.

Darwin, Charles Robert (1862), On the Various Contrivances by which British and Foreign Orchids are Fertilised by Insects... (London: Murray).

Darwin, Charles Robert (1870), 'Notes on the habits of the Pampas Woodpecker (Colaptes campestms)', Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1 November, pp. 705-6.

Darwin, Charles Robert (1872), The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (London: Murray).

Darwin, Charles Robert (1903), More Letters of Charles Darwin: A Record of His Work in a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Letters . .., ed. Francis Darwin and A.C. Seward, 2 vols (London: Murray).

Darwin, Charles Robert (1905), The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, 2nd edn revised, 2 vols (London: Murray).

Darwin, Charles Robert (1909), The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, 2nd edn (London: Murray).

Darwin, Charles Robert (1945), The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms, with Observations on Their Habits..., with an introduction by Sir Albert Howard (London: Faber, 1945).

Darwin, Charles Robert (1958), The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, 1809-1882, with Original Omissions Restored..., ed. Nora Barlow (London: Collins).

Darwin, Charles Robert (1959), The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin: A Variorum Text, ed. Morse Peckham (Philadelphia, Pa: University of Pennsylvania Press).

Darwin, Francis (1887), The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Including an Autobiographical Chapter..., 3 vols (London: Murray).

[Davis, Ellis James] (1875), Pyrna: A Commune; or Under the Ice (London: Bickers).

Davis, Herbert, DeVane, William C., and Bald, Robert Cecil (eds) (1940), Nineteenth Century Studies (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).

Dawes, Ben (1952), A Hundred Years of Biology (London: Duckworth).

De Beer, Gavin Rylands (1961), 'The origins of Darwin's ideas on evolution and natural selection', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, vol. 155 (November), pp. 321-8.

De Beer, Gavin Rylands (1963), Charles Darwin: Evolution by Natural Selection (London: Nelson).

Delage, Yves (1903), L 'Heredite et les grands problemes de la biologic generale, 2nd edn (Paris: Schleicher Freres).

DeMaria, Robert (1959), 'From Bulwer-Lytton to George Orwell: the Utopian novel in England, 1870-1950', unpublished PhD thesis, Columbia University.

Derham, William (1713), Physico-Theology, or A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God, from His Works of Creation (London).

Descartes, Rene (1931), The Philosophical Works of Rene Descartes, trans. E.S. Haldane and G.R.T. Ross, 2 vols (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Dewey, John (1951), The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy and Other Essays in Contemporary Thought (New York: Peter Smith).

Dickson, Lovat (1972), H.G. Wells: His Turbulent Life and Times (Harmondsworth: Penguin). First published 1969.

Dobzhansky. Theodosius (1959), 'Genetics and the destiny of Man', Antioch Review, vol. 19 (Spring), pp. 57-68.

Dowden, Edward (1878), Studies in Literature, 1789-1877 (London: Kegan Paul).

Drachman, Julian Moses (1931), Studies in the Literature of Natural Science (New York: Macmillan).

'Drew, D'Arcy', see Mivart, St George Jackson.

Drummond, Henry (1885), Natural Law in the Spiritual World, 16th edn (London: Hodder & Stoughton).

Drummond, Henry (1894), The Lowell Lectures on the Ascent of Man (London: Hodder & Stoughton).

Dudley, Fred A. (1939), 'Matthew Arnold and science', unpublished PhD thesis, State University of Iowa.

Duffin, Henry Charles (1937), Thomas Hardy: A Study of the Wessex Novels, 3rd edn (Manchester: Manchester University Press).

Duncan, David (1908), The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer (London: Methuen).

Eastman, Max Forrester (1931), The Literary Mind: Its Place in an Age of Science (New York: Schribner's).

Eiseley, Loren Corey (1956), 'Charles Darwin', Scientific American, vol. 194 (February), pp. 62-72.

Eiseley, Loren Corey (1959a), 'Charles Darwin, Edward Blyth, and the theory of natural selection', Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 103 (February), pp. 94-158.

Eiseley, Loren Corey (1959b), 'Alfred Russel Wallace', Scientific American, vol. 200 (February), pp. 70-84.

Eiseley, Loren Corey (1961), Darwin's Century: Evolution and the Men Who Discovered It (New York: Anchor).

Eiseley, Loren Corey (1965), 'Darwin, Coleridge, and the theory of unconscious creation', Daedalus, vol. 94 (Summer), pp. 588-602.

Ellegard, Henrik Alvar (1957), The Readership of the Periodical Press in Mid-Victorian Britain (Goteborg: Goteborg University Press).

Ellegard, Henrik Alvar (1958), Darwin and the General Reader: The Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution in the British Periodical Press, 1859-1872 (Goteborg: Gothenburg Studies in English).

Ellegard, Henrik Alvar (1969), 'The Darwinian theory and the argument from design'; see Hardin, 1969.

Elliot, Robert C. (1970), The Shape of Utopia: Studies in a Literary Genre (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

Ellis, William (1866), Thoughts on the Future of the Human Race (London: Smith, Eider).

Essays and Reviews (1861), 8th edn (London: Longman, Green, Longman & Roberts).

Etymonia (1875) (London: Tinsley).

Evans, Benjamin Ifor (1954), Literature and Science (London: Allen & Unwin).

Everett, Edwin Mallard (1971), The Party of Humanity: The 'Fortnightly Review' and Its Contributors, 1865-1874 (New York: Russell & Russell).

Firor, Ruth A. (1931), Folkways in Thomas Hardy (New York: Barnes).

Fisher, Ronald Aylmer (1930), The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection (Oxford: Clarendon Press).

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