References
Websites/ Journal Articles
1) Butterfly Senses. MJV News RSS. (2023). Retrieved March 30, 2023, from https://monarchjointventure.org/monarch-biology/butterfly-senses
2) Butterfly Systematics. MJV News RSS. (n.d.). Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://monarchjointventure.org/monarch-biology/butterfly-systematics
3) Monarch migration. MJV News RSS. (2023). Retrieved April 15, 2023, from https://monarchjointventure.org/monarch-biology/monarch-migration
4) Perez, S., Taylor, O. & Jander, R. A sun compass in monarch butterflies. Nature 387, 29 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1038/387029a0
5) Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Diapause. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved March 28, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diapause
6) McCoshum, S. M., & Agrawal, A. A. (2021). Ecology of Asclepias brachystephana: a plant for roadside and right-of-way management. Native Plants Journal (University of Wisconsin Press), 22(3), 257–267. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.3368/npj.22.3.256
7) Natural enemies. MJV News RSS. (2023). Retrieved March 30, 2023, from https://monarchjointventure.org/monarch-biology/threats/natural-enemies
8) Nordell, S., & Valone, T. (2016). Animal behavior (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
9) Tenger-Trolander, A., Lu, W., Noyes, M., & Kronfors, M. R. (2019). Contemporary loss of migration in monarch butterflies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(29), 14671–14676.
10) Hill, H. F., Wenner, A. M., & Wells, P. H. (1976). Reproductive Behavior in an Overwintering Aggregation of Monarch Butterflies. The American Midland Naturalist, 95(1), 10–19. https://doi.org/10.2307/2424229
11) Schmidt, A. (2021, May 28). Monarch butterfly fact sheet. PBS. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/blog/monarch-butterfly-fact-sheet/
12) Butterflies of New Mexico: The BRUSHFOOTS II: Milkweed butterflies (Nymphalidae: Danainae). Pajarito Environmental Education Center. (n.d.). Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://peecnature.org/butterflies-of-new-mexico/brushfoots-milkweed-butterflies-nymphalidae-danainae/
13) Jiang, K. (n.d.). Genetic secrets of the monarch Butterfly revealed. University of Chicago News. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://news.uchicago.edu/story/genetic-secrets-monarch-butterfly-revealed#:~:text=They%20traced%20the%20ancestral%20lineage,Atlantic%20and%20across%20the%20Pacific.
14) Zhan, S., Zhang, W., Niitepõld, K., Hsu, J., Haege, J. F., Zalucki, M. P., Altizer, S., de Roode, J. C., Reppert, S. M., & Kronforst, M. R. (2014). The genetics of monarch butterfly migration and warning colouration. Nature, 514(7522), 317–321. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1038/nature13812
15) Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Ontogeny. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved April 14, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ontogeny
16) Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Circadian. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved April 15, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/circadian
17) Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Phylogeny. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/phylogeny
18) Oberhauser, K. S. (1988). Male monarch butterfly spermatophore mass and mating strategies. Animal Behaviour, 36(5), 1384–1388. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(88)80208-2
19) Monarch reproduction. MJV News RSS. (2023). Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://monarchjointventure.org/monarch-biology/reproduction
20) Great Milkweed Grow out. Desert Botanical Garden. (2023). Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://dbg.org/partner-initiatives/great-milkweed-grow-out/
21) “Diapause.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diapause. Accessed 16 Apr. 2023.
22) adaptive value. Oxford Reference. Retrieved 16 Apr. 2023, from https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110810104317368.
23) Monarch butterfly. (n.d.). Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/invertebrates/monarch_butterfly/#:~:text=Monarchs%20have%20declined%2085%25%20in,to%20be%20to%20avoid%20extinction.
24) Centre, U. N. E. S. C. O. W. H. (n.d.). Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1290/
25) Curry, T. (n.d.). Monarch butterfly. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/invertebrates/monarch_butterfly/
26) Special Biosphere Reserve Monarch Butterfly. Instituto Nacional de Ecología. (2007). Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://web.archive.org/web/20100913071219/http://www2.ine.gob.mx/publicaciones/libros/2/monarca.html
27) Ania A. Majewska, & Sonia Altizer. (2019). Exposure to Non-Native Tropical Milkweed Promotes Reproductive Development in Migratory Monarch Butterflies. Insects, 10(8), 253. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.3390/insects10080253
28) Threats. MJV News RSS. (2023). Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://monarchjointventure.org/monarch-biology/threats
Videos
1) YouTube. (2009, February 20). Monarch butterflies mating. YouTube. Retrieved March 30, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Dx09DIRkIE
2) Hamline, C. G. E. E. (2023, March 20). CGEE winter highlight compiled. Vimeo. Retrieved March 21, 2023, from https://vimeo.com/540162385#
3) YouTube. (2020, August 5). Mesmerizing footage of monarch butterflies mating. YouTube. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IkPly79pT3g
4) Caldwell, W., & Fredin, T. (2021). Cgee. Retrieved April 15, 2023, from https://cgee-hamline.org/MonarchJV-Migration/
5) YouTube. (2020, March 3). Monarch Butterflies at El Rosario, February 2019. YouTube. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qa0U8AATlGU
6) YouTube. (2021, April 15). https://www.youtube.com/shorts/pFkDbUO-mAU. YouTube. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/shorts/pFkDbUO-mAU
Images
Home background image. (n.d.). https://i.etsystatic.com/8965420/r/il/4f372d/4341939276/il_fullxfull.4341939276_r8q1.jpg
Ontogeny background image. (n.d.) https://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/tucson.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/e/7d/e7db26e2-172e-11ec-83a5-63e2026128f2/6143acfd1f25e.image.jpg?resize=1200%2C683
Male verses Females. (n.d.). https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTK-kAoJ8NZuk9hN2IWxspkVVoOPao-tAC11w5acAKjwcnMpFKY
Gamete formation female. (n.d.). https://monarchjointventure.org/images/made/9fb0ebd3ba966afe/femaletract_541_374_all_3_c1_541_374_all_3_c1.gif
Gamete formation male. (n.d.). https://monarchjointventure.org/images/made/9fb0ebd3ba966afe/testis1_500_223_all_3_c1_500_223_all_3_c1.gif
Mechanism background. (n.d.). https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRHr0Jb4oY7Rgq08Ltf5ZVLLqeDec8CCNxcAA&usqp=CAU
Migration map. (n.d.). https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQv40Oecr1AeDMXSbSKCbB_D0lVYRBVGW7E6gW9h2uODlrznPwM
Tagged Monarch. (n.d.). https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSRznv8b35fKnqv-5xGx_2BV6StoZo2kLx28w&usqp=CAU
Milkweed Carousel image 1.(n.d.). https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/LPBXGQ0hS0Yl40kwzayxmFSJgzmk2z4GHo435Kh5RrMu6pnOlSaZGeYbfY-Ektym6e1DWE2OQ7nrkce4-5ZXYb3aUJIwxi2vGkQvwFg84Q
Milkweed Carousel image 2. (n.d.). https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/VnXKIEOoL4B-fjLpgqUz7Fuk1brwSnI6oGaIR6-wocp-cT5Qc5bHB-Z3_LS3joEl2CBUfmBN90A2u6qGRY9IBcacbcIvqCSahZpJLv0R
Milkweed Carousel image 3. (n.d.). https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTvYD1fEXkeaF7xNmcL7PG7bxqH4b2kajUsZTPdJH_hRu1I_rL9
Milkweed Carousel image 4.(n.d.). https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ7jKWyngtrMfrmLLJ-rN-9cTOXtKLynGJ5ss18v8GROO60En1O
Milkweed Carousel image 5. (n.d.). https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRPUJ1xhfJpF8iYi1KN5MEEOUBEFTn4TPdGBqtcaEzyjqAf9Pr3
Milkweed Carousel image 6. (n.d.). https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTjLuuFEEmg95bSO887alo42w4BV9DPWWB6O8kjS1FK2lRi_Ijy
Mating. (n.d.). https://i0.wp.com/kimsmithdesigns.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Monarch-Mating-Essex-County-copyright-Kim-Smith-3-of-16.jpeg?ssl=1
Antenna. (n.d.). https://monarchjointventure.org/images/made/9fb0ebd3ba966afe/Michelle_Solensky_Anten_200_210_all_3_c1.JPG
Sun Compass. (n.d.). https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRl5aXDGz2wxFqqAXKlhMmanlEVp3Q90K-4hLI5cX3zM1u6iusk
Phylogeny background. (n.d.). https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/28CB4623-8A4B-4DBA-9708866CCA9FECE8_source.png
Phylogeny. (n.d.). https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1038/nature13812
Genetic Drift. (n.d.). https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature13812/MediaObjects/41586_2014_Article_BFnature13812_Fig5_ESM.jpg?as=webp
Collagen IV alpha-1. (n.d.). https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1038/nature13812
Migration ancestry. (n.d.). https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1038/nature13812
Adaptive value background. (n.d.). https://monarchwatch.org/directional-flight/22435956425_28b0f9e428_o.jpg
Mating on leaf. (n.d.). https://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTNg3XZHIPrA-vISC8G1JifGg3ek9ASOVtacHKEzLsxRhuUfPPc
Diapause. (n.d.). https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQLRW20lFefCHjnvSTAP61NEk7-cbES0agL3ZkO0eYbItbIBV0n
References background. (n.d.). https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRsH5XsyV52kM8gHSxd3qh5roibqs6R4VxKuxyd8krkHfzxWFr-