One issue that has been recurring is that I've been running out of memory space when attempting to compile a program for it. This is usually fixed by limiting the number of typedefs, etc that can take up a lot of space.
Now, I don't use all of these defines. I use some, but not actually the majority. I have been told that they don't actually take up any memory if they are not used, but I was unsure on this point. I'm hoping that by cutting out the unused ones that I can free up some extra memory (but again, I was told this is pointless).
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You seem somewhat confused because typedef's do not take up space at runtime. They are merely aliases for data types. Now you may have instances of large structures (typedef'd or otherwise), but it is the instance that takes space, not the type definition. I wonder what 'etc' might cover in this statement.
Reducing memory usage is primarily a case of selecting/designing efficient data structures, using appropriate data types, and efficient code and algorithm design. It is best to target the area that will get the greatest benefit. To see the size of objects and code in your application, get the linker to generate a map file. That will tell you which are the largest functions, as well as the sizes of global and static objects.
An embedded system does not necessarily imply small memory, so you should specify. I have worked on systems with 64Mb RAM and 2Mb Flash, and even that is modest compared with many systems. A typical micro-controller with on-chip resources however, will generally have much less (especially SRAM which takes up a lot of chip area). Also whether your system is Harvard or Von Neumann architecture is relevant here, since in a Harvard architecture data and code spaces are separate, so we need to know what it is you are short of. If Von Neumann, the code/data usage is still relevant if the code is running from ROM, or is it is copied from ROM to RAM at run-time (i.e. different types of memory, even if they are in the same address space).
The question is... the variables that are defined inside a function, after the function finishes its work, this memory space used by the function variables, is free for new variables of the system or other functions or is it not available space to be used ?
When you have a Arduino Uno board and you run out of memory, you can buy the Arduino Mega 2560.
Normally the Arduino Uno should have enough memory for Serial communication, for sensors, for LCD display and so on. If you need large buffers of data or if you use an Ethernet Shield with the Uno, then the Uno might run out of memory.
The SRAM you have is a very scarce resource. When you define a global or static variable, it is allocated on what is called the heap. Global and static variables exist throughout the run of the program. Arguments that are passed to a function are allocated on the stack. The stack space starts at the top of SRAM and grows downward while the heap starts at low memory and grow upward. If the two ever meet you get an out-of-memory message. That said, the stack memory that was used for arguments that were passed to the function is reclaimed when program control leaves the function. Therefore the stack ebbs and flows as the program runs, depending upon the way you wrote your program. If you have nested functions--functions within functions that call other functions--the stack keeps getting deeper and deeper since it cannot reclaim the memory until the code starts to "unwind" itself. Therefore, you want to think about the depth of nested function calls.
Im trying to avoid String variables and using char arrays. Only one function has got a String variable and is because I dont know how to convert a integer value to the char array without using a String variable.
You have an array that can hold one character. You tell the toCharArray() method that the array can hold one character. So, the String class is going to put 0 characters plus the terminating NULL in that array. Rather useless, eh?
There really isn't any "searching" going on for variables allocated on the stack. There's a stack pointer that is maintained in the code so it know where the Top Of Stack (TOS) always is located. It's a simple task to allocate memory from the TOS and release it when done.
I prefer local to global variables not because of the memory issues, but rather because local variables are "invisible" outside the function in which they are defined (i.e., the concept of scope). If something goes wrong with a variable, at least I know it's inside the function where it is defined. With global variables, it could be anywhere from its point of definition to the end of the source code file...much harder to debug.
The holes happen when you allocate space for a one character String, then add a character to it. That results in allocating two bytes, copying the one that was in the String, and adding the new one. The one byte allocation is freed, and available to be reused, but how often do you need to allocate one byte? That tiny amount of memory is a hole.
Now, you add another character, so three bytes are allocated, and the two byte allocation freed. Those two bytes may, or may not, be adjacent to the one byte that was freed earlier. If so, there are now three contiguous bytes available. If not, you have two holes.
No, the arduino has no garbage collection, and you have no access to this. If you got really chummy with the malloc()/free() system you might be able to, but it is probably not worth the bugs it would cause.
I maked modification in fc66 but when I tried to download this Fc I get error saying that insufficient memory space on the module as you see in first picture in attachment. the second picture describe memory status (89% in RAM memory). So I'm trying to copy RAM to ROM but I'm getting error saying that's not supported by the module (see third picture in attachment).
today I have a chance to test your solution, so after deleting FC66 I try to dowload offline version but I still have error and RAM memory still at 89%. Then I click on "compress" button (as described in help) so memory decrease at 64% then after downloading fc66, I check memory space which is 84% as you see in attachment.
Do you know how "defrag" (defragmentation) works for you PC harddisk? This is the same process you now did for your PLC. You loose nothing but the program needed to be reorganized and then reloaded into the PLC. On a live project, this is not always possible.
background: Camera is dated February 2002 (serial: 1386257). Last action on the stick was to have it's contents burnt to CD on an IMAC in an internet cafe (I was the one who did the buring and handled the stick during this time. The stick was read in via a mac flash/ms reader).
I'm stumped as to what to do (have tried filling then deleting the stick [to the tune of two low resolution photo's] with no no change in status). Any suggestions or help would be most appreciated as I'd like to be taking many more shots on my holiday.
You may also want to check the "write protect" switch on the MS, to make sure wp is off. If you try Hugo's suggestion, you'll know real quick whether it's write protected or not. If your format takes a few seconds, it's only formatting any un-used memory, not the rest of the MS.
Sounds to me like the memory stick is still full from the previous shoot. The simple solution is to "format" the memory stick in the camera again. However, you will lose any photos currently stored on that memory stick.
The card reader may have corrupted the files on the memory stick so it "appears" to be empty when it is not. The SanDisk card readers are notorious for this and other problems. If this problem occurs during the download process (it happened to me twice) DO NOT FORMAT THE Memory Stick - instead, save it until you can use a photo rescue program like the FREE program I mentioned in several other posts.
Thanks for all your helpful suggestions. The answer was, as you all pointed out, to format the memory stick within the DA itself (as the shots had already been burnt to CD [thanks for the suggestion of recovery software though Steve - will look in to acquiring it]).
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As other posts have pointed out, your insufficient memory is related to RAM. Have you tried cleaning up temporary files? In the past, I had encountered similar issues while executing the BoardEx database in SAS. This database has a size of 400+GB. I was able to solve the problem by upgrading RAM from 8 GB to 32 GB. As you may see on other posts (posted below) and also posted by Chris above, SAS insufficient memory points out to RAM. It has nothing to do with your space in the internal and external hard drives. RAM is used for temporary storage. The hard drive is capable of storing information after the computer turns off, but RAM is not. Regardless of the fact that you have large internal or external hard drives, SAS matrices are kept in RAM. Memory is automatically allocated when needed. 152ee80cbc
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