The Civil Services Examination (CSE) is a national competitive examination in India conducted by the Union Public Service Commission for recruitment to higher Civil Services of the Government of India, including the Indian Administrative Service, Indian Foreign Service, and Indian Police Service. It is also colloquially referred to as the UPSC examination, and UPSC CSE.[4] and is conducted in three phases: a preliminary examination consisting of two objective-type papers (Paper I consisting of General Studies and Paper II, referred to as the Civil Service Aptitude Test or CSAT), and a main examination consisting of nine papers of conventional (essay) type, in which two papers are qualifying and only marks of seven are counted; finally followed by a personality test (interview).[4][5] A successful candidate sits for 32 hours of examination during the complete process spanning around one year.

The Civil Services Examination is based on the British era Imperial Civil Service tests, as well as the civil service tests conducted by old Indian empires such as the Mauryan Empire and Mughal Empire. It is one of the most difficult competitive examinations in not just India but across the world, with more than a million candidates every year. A single attempt can take two complete years of preparation - one year before the prelims and one year from the prelims to the interview. On an average, 900,000 to 1,000,000 candidates apply every year and the number of candidates sitting in the preliminary examination is approximately 550,000.[9] Results for the Prelims are published in mid-August, while the final result is published in May of the next year.

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After the completion of the Medical examination of the successful candidates and other necessary formalities, the training program for the selected candidates usually commences the following September.

The following candidates are also eligible, but must submit proof of their eligibility from a competent authority at their institute/university at the time of the main examination, failing which they will not be allowed to attend the exam.[4]

The candidate must have attained the age of 21 years and must not have attained the age of 32 years (for the General category candidate) on 1 August of the year of examination. Prescribed age limits vary with respect to caste reservations.[12]

Appearing to attempt one of the papers in the preliminary examination is counted as an attempt, including disqualification/ cancellation of candidature. However, applying to sit the exam but failing to attend is not counted as an attempt.[14]

The pattern of the Preliminary examination, also known as the Prelims exam up to 2010 was based on the recommendations of the Kothari Commission (1979). It included two examinations, one on general studies worth 150 marks, and the second on one of 23 optional subjects worth 300 marks. Until 2011, when it was revamped,[15] the preliminary pattern was sustained with only minor changes once every ten to fifteen years.[15]

From 2011 onwards, the preliminary examination intends to focus on analytical abilities and understanding rather than the ability to memorize. The new pattern includes two papers of two hours duration and 200 marks each.[16] Both papers have multiple-choice objective type questions only.[16] They are as follows:

Tests the candidate's knowledge of current events, the history of India and the Indian national movement, Indian and world geography, Indian polity Panchayati Raj system, and governance, economic and social development, environmental ecology, biodiversity, climate change, and general science, Art and culture.[16]

Tests the candidate's skills in comprehension, interpersonal skills, communication, logical reasoning, analytical ability, decision-making, problem-solving, basic numeracy, data interpretation, English language comprehension skills, and mental ability.[16] It is qualifying, and the marks obtained in this paper are not counted for merit. However, the candidate must score a minimum of 33 percent in this paper to qualify for the Prelims exam.[17]

In May 2015, the Government of India announced that Paper II of the preliminary examination would be qualifying in nature i.e. it will not be graded for eligibility in the Mains Examination and a candidate will need to score at least 33% to be eligible for grading based on marks of Paper I of the Preliminary Examination.[4] Those who qualify in the Prelims become eligible for the Mains.

The Civil Services Main written examination consists of nine papers, two qualifying and seven ranking in nature. The range of questions may vary from just one mark to sixty marks, twenty words to 600 words answers. Each paper is of a duration of 3 hours. Candidates who pass qualifying papers are ranked according to marks and a selected number of candidates are called for an interview or a personality test at the Commission's discretion.

According to the new marks allocations in Civil Service Examination 2013, there are some changes made in the examination according to the suggestion of Prof. Arun. S. Nigavekar Committee.[19] However, after some controversy, the qualifying papers for Indian languages and English were restored.[20]

Unofficially called the "interview", the objective of the interview is to assess the personal suitability of the candidate for a career in public service by a board of competent and unbiased observers. The test is intended to evaluate the mental calibre of a candidate. In broad terms, this is really an assessment of not only a candidate's intellectual qualities, but also social traits and interest in current affairs. Some of the qualities to be judged are mental alertness, critical powers of assimilation, clear and logical exposition, balance of judgement, variety and depth of interest, ability for social cohesion and leadership, and intellectual and moral integrity.

The technique of the interview is not that of a strict cross-examination, but of a natural, though directed and purposeful conversation that is intended to reveal the mental qualities of the candidate.

The interview is not intended to test either of the specialized or general knowledge of the candidate, which has been already tested through written papers. Candidates are expected to have taken an intelligent interest not only in their special subjects of academic study, but also in the events which are happening around them both within and outside their own state or country as well as in modern currents of thought and in new discoveries which should rouse the curiosity of all well-educated youth. The interview standards are generally high and require thorough preparation as well as commitment.

Following are a list of biology topics that have been carefully selected according to their scope and importance. These topics are elementary and form the basis of much more advanced concepts in higher classes. Moreover, questions frequently arise from these topics in various competitive exams. Hence, students will find this list most beneficial for their exam preparations.

Photosynthesis an important process that is observed in plants and certain microscopic organisms. Furthermore, all life on earth is directly or indirectly dependent on this process. It is even speculated that the evolution of life on earth was significantly influenced by photosynthesis.

The carbon cycle is a biogeochemical process that also has a significant impact on life. The cycle essentially explains how carbon is incorporated and exchanged among the various entities (such as living organisms, atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere etc).

Nitrogen is an important element required for life. However, neither plants nor animals can extract nitrogen directly from the atmosphere, instead, they rely on a series of biological and/or physical processes to incorporate into their systems. These set of processes contribute to the nitrogen cycle.

Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell divisions that are observed in living organisms. One of the major differences between the two is that mitosis occurs during growth and maintenance while meiosis occurs only during sexual reproduction.

Flora refers to all plant life while fauna refers to all animal life. There are over 8.7 million species of living organisms identified to date and more being discovered every day. Life is so abundant that every nook and corner of the planet is teeming with life.

Digestion is an important life process and is observed in a multitude of life forms. Some have a rather simple system while others are much more complicated. Unsurprisingly, humans have a digestive system too, and it is much more advanced with a host of organs and glands that perform very specific functions and roles.

The heart is an important organ usually found in most higher animals. Even invertebrates have a heart that pumps blood into their cavities. However, unlike the invertebrates, the human heart is quite advanced with respect to its structure, functions and capabilities.

The cell is the most basic, structural and functional unit of life. A cell can be classified based on various criteria (such as plant and animal cell, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell, types of cells present in human tissues or plant tissues etc.

The brain is one of the most important organs which control nearly every aspect of our body. It is also one of the most complex organs in the entire body, with billions of neurons that relay information between the brain and the body.

Also called the fluid connective tissue, blood (and lymph) carries oxygen, essential minerals and nutrients to the cells. It also collects the metabolic waste products to be eliminated from the body. Humans are not the only organisms with blood, earthworms, spiders and even leeches have blood.

The dirt beneath your feet is made up of several distinct layers, each with its own physical and chemical properties. Soil also varies from place to place due to their parent material (the original layer of rock where the formation of soil takes places.) 152ee80cbc

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