Assessments
Below is a list of validated assessment tools that I have been involved in developing. All are in the public domain and are free to use with appropriate reference to the original citation.
The use of validated, standardised assessment tools is an important component of evidence-based practice. However, there are many practical barriers that prevent frequent use of such tools in clinical practice. For a discussion of the evidence and these important implementation issues, check out the video at the link.
These assessments are also included as part of the iAx: instant assessment and personalised feedback platform for substance use disorder.
Stimulant Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (SRSEQ)
The 20-item SRSEQ measures stimulant refusal self-efficacy, or confidence in one's ability to resist stimulants in cued situations (including cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine). Responses are rated on a 6-point Likert scale (1 = I am very sure I could NOT resist using stimulants to 6 = I am very sure I could resist using stimulants). It comprises three subscales:
Emotional relief refusal self-efficacy (12 items, e.g., ‘When I feel sad’);
Opportunistic refusal self-efficacy (3 items, e.g., ‘When I am by myself’);
Social facilitation refusal self-efficacy (5 items, e.g., ‘When my friends are using stimulants’).
Wanigasooriya, A., Connor, J. P., Young, R. McD., Feeney, G. F. X., & Gullo, M. J. (2021). Development and validation of the Stimulant Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (SRSEQ) in stimulant users in treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 228, 109069. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109069
Stimulant Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire_FINAL with Scoring.pdfCannabis Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ)
The 45-item CEQ measures beliefs about the expected outcomes of cannabis use. Responses are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly disagree to 5 = Strongly agree). It comprises two scales:
Positive outcome expectancies (18 items, e.g., ‘Smoking cannabis makes me feel outgoing and friendly’);
Negative outcome expectancies (27 items, e.g., ‘Smoking cannabis makes me confused’).
Connor, J. P., Gullo, M. J., Feeney, G. F. X., & Young, R. M. (2011). Validation of the Cannabis Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ) amongst cannabis users in treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 115, 167-174. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.10.025
CEQ.pdfCannabis Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (CRSEQ)
The 14-item CRSEQ measures cannabis refusal self-efficacy, or confidence in one's ability to resist cannabis in cued situations. Responses are rated on a 6-point Likert scale (1 = I am very sure I could NOT resist smoking to 6 = I am very sure I could resist smoking). It comprises three subscales:
Emotional relief refusal self-efficacy (6 items, e.g., ‘When I feel sad’);
Opportunistic refusal self-efficacy (5 items, e.g., ‘When I am at a party’);
Social facilitation refusal self-efficacy (3 items, e.g., ‘When I want to feel more accepted by friends’).
Young, R. M., Gullo, M. J., Feeney, G. F. X., & Connor, J. P. (2012). Development and validation of the Cannabis Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (CRSEQ) in adult cannabis users in treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 125, 244-251. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.02.018
CRSEQ.pdfDrinking Expectancy Questionnaire—Revised Adolescent Version (DEQ-RA)
The DEQ-RA is a 21-item scale measuring beliefs about the expected outcomes of alcohol consumption. It was modified from the adult Drinking Expectancy Questionnaire (Young & Knight, 1989), which was developed based on interviews with a diverse sample of alcohol drinkers. Responses are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree). It comprises four scales:
Increased confidence (6 items, e.g. ‘I feel less shy when I am drinking’);
Tension reduction (5 items, e.g. ‘Drinking alcohol helps when I am anxious’);
Cognitive and motor impairment (6 items, e.g. ‘I am clumsier when drinking alcohol’);
Negative mood (4 items, e.g. ‘I feel gloomy when drinking alcohol’).
Patton, K. A., Connor, J. P., Rundle-Thiele, S., Dietrich, T., Young, R. McD., & Gullo, M. J. (2018). Validation of the Adolescent Drinking Expectancy Questionnaire (DEQ-A) and development of a short form (DEQ-SA). Drug and Alcohol Review, 37, 396–405. doi:10.1111/dar.12567
DEQ-RA.pdfDrinking Expectancy Questionnaire—Shortened Adolescent Version (DEQ-SA)
The DEQ-SA is a shortened, 12-item version of the DEQ-RA. The DEQ-SA is recommended for more time-limited environments. Responses are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree). It comprises two of the four scales of the DEQ-RA:
Increased confidence (6 items, e.g. ‘I feel less shy when I am drinking’);
Cognitive and motor impairment (6 items, e.g. ‘I am clumsier when drinking alcohol’);
Patton, K. A., Connor, J. P., Rundle-Thiele, S., Dietrich, T., Young, R. McD., & Gullo, M. J. (2018). Validation of the Adolescent Drinking Expectancy Questionnaire (DEQ-A) and development of a short form (DEQ-SA). Drug and Alcohol Review, 37, 396–405. doi:10.1111/dar.12567
DEQ-SA.pdfDrinking Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire—Revised Adolescent version (DRSEQ-RA)
The 19-item DRSEQ-RA measures levels of drinking refusal self-efficacy, or confidence in an adolescent's ability to resist alcohol in cued situations. Responses are rated on a 6-point Likert scale (1 = I am very sure I could NOT resist drinking to 6 = I am very sure I could resist drinking). It comprises three subscales:
Emotional relief refusal self-efficacy (7 items, e.g., ‘When I feel sad’);
Opportunistic refusal self-efficacy (7 items, e.g., ‘When I am listening to music or reading’);
Social pressure refusal self-efficacy (5 items, e.g., ‘When my friends are drinking’).
Patton, K. A., Connor, J. P., Rundle-Thiele, S., Dietrich, T., Young, R. McD., & Gullo, M. J. (2018). Measuring adolescent drinking-refusal self-efficacy: Development and validation of the Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire-Shortened Adolescent version (DRSEQ-SRA). Addictive Behaviours, 81, 70-77. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.02.007
DRSEQ-RA.pdfDrinking Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire—Shortened Revised Adolescent version (DRSEQ-SRA)
The 9-item DRSEQ-SRA is a shortened version of the DRSEQ-RA. It measures levels of drinking refusal self-efficacy, or confidence in an adolescent's ability to resist alcohol in cued situations. Responses are rated on a 6-point Likert scale (1 = I am very sure I could NOT resist drinking to 6 = I am very sure I could resist drinking). It comprises three subscales:
Emotional relief refusal self-efficacy (3 items, e.g., ‘When I feel sad’);
Opportunistic refusal self-efficacy (3 items, e.g., ‘When I am listening to music or reading’);
Social pressure refusal self-efficacy (3 items, e.g., ‘When my friends are drinking’).
Patton, K. A., Connor, J. P., Rundle-Thiele, S., Dietrich, T., Young, R. McD., & Gullo, M. J. (2018). Measuring adolescent drinking-refusal self-efficacy: Development and validation of the Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire-Shortened Adolescent version (DRSEQ-SRA). Addictive Behaviours, 81, 70-77. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.02.007
DRSEQ-SRA.pdfMini Alcohol Craving Experience Questionnaire (MACE)
The MACE is a 5-item scale that provides a brief, theoretically, and psychometrically robust measure of alcohol craving. It is a shortened version of the Alcohol Craving Experience (ACE) questionnaire and was designed for use with alcohol-dependent populations in time-limited clinical and research settings.
Coates, J. M., Gullo, M. J., Feeney, G. F. X., Kavanagh, D. J., Young, R. McD., Dingle, G. A., May, J., Andrade, J., Statham, D. J., & Connor, J. P. (2017). The Mini Alcohol Craving Experience Questionnaire: Development and clinical application. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 41, 156-164. doi:10.1111/acer.13278
ACE-MACE.pdf