Major Sources Used
Manuscripts[1]
Archivo General de las Indias.
Audiencia de Filipinas, Legajo 967, “1771. Testimonio literal de la Real Cedula y Reglamento de 19 de Diciembre de 1769 para este Comercio y de varios Certificos de oficiales Reales dado a Solicitud del Consulado, e Ynformes de la N. C. obras Pias, Religiones y Reverendos Obispo de Camarines, y Arzobispo de Manila que comprueban la grande diferencia que hay del valor de los generos en esta Republica en el año de 736 a lo que valen en el presente, y las Perdidas, y que brantos que ha tenido desde aquel año á este, las que han motivado el deplorable estado, y suma pobreza en que se halla.” 215ff.
Audiencia de Filipinas, Legajo 967, “Mapa demostrativo[2] que representa los buques que se han despachado de estas islas al reino de Nueva España desde 1736 a 1770.” Folio 123, desplegable del testimonio anterior.
Bancroft Library, the University of California, Berkeley.
Philippine Commerce and the Manila Galleon Collection. BancMss 91/111 Z.
1788, Jan. 9: Part II, Two sets of accounts, one undated. Merchants’ accounts of Acapulco fairs.
The British Library.
Additional Manuscript number 19293, Authenticated abstract of thirty official
journals of as many voyages from the Philippine Islands to New Spain, made in the years 1699-1740.
The Spanish title is Testimonio relativo de treinta diarios de la navegación hecha
por diferentes navios de la carera de Philipinas para Nueva España con nota de las señales que vieron en las latitudes y longitudes por la navegación, y de las cosas que se ofricieron sobre necessidades daños y Guerra con inserción de algunas juntas.
The copy from the microfilm I saw (provided to me graciously by the supportive
staff of the British Library) consisted of oversized folios, approximately 113 ff. in length, with additional folios with crude maps (often with compass and other notations, evidently from shipboard of a variety of ports in the Philippines) at the end. The reference came originally from Wayne V. Burt, “The Search for the Manila Galleon Log Books,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 71:11 (November 1990), 1635, 1636.
A translation and a seventy-five page transcription of the galleon logs for 1699 to 1740 can be found in Tom Peterson’s Secrets of the Manila Galleons (Corvallis, Oregon: privately published, 2002; second edition, 2005), Chapter 10, “Logs of the Manila Galleons, 1699-1740,” as well as brief references to palomas noted in those logs in his Chapter 12, “Doves and the Manila Galleons.”
Blair, Emma Helen; and James Alexander Robertson
The Philippine Islands 1493-1898. Cleveland, Ohio: A. H. Clark Co., 1903-09.
55 v.
Boxer, C. R.
Catalogue of Philippine Manuscripts in the Lilly Library. Bloomington: Asian
Studies Research Institute (Occasional Papers, no. 2), Indiana University, 1968.
“Plata es Sangre: Sidelights on the Drain of Spanish-American Silver in the Far
East, 1550-1700.” Philippine Studies, 18:3 (July 1970), 457-78. Reprinted in
Dennis O. Flynn; Arturo Giráldez; and James Sobredo, eds., European Entry into
the Pacific. Spain and the Acapulco-Manila Galleons. (The Pacific World. Lands,
Peoples and History of the Pacific, 1500-1900, volume 14) (England:
Ashgate/Variorum, 2001), 165-86.
Brand, Donald D.
“Geographical Explorations by the Spaniards,” in Herman R. Friis, ed., The Pacific Basin: A History of Its Geographical Exploration (New York, 1967), 109-44, 362-75. Reprinted in Dennis O. Flynn; Arturo Giráldez; and James Sobredo, eds., European Entry into the Pacific. Spain and the Acapulco-Manila Galleons. (The Pacific World. Lands, Peoples and History of the Pacific, 1500-1900, volume 14) (England: Ashgate/Variorum, 2001), 1-54.
Burt, Wayne V.
“The Search for the Manila Galleon Log Books.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 71:11 (November 1990), 1630-36.
Cano, Gaspar, O.S.A.
Catálogo de los religiosos de N. P. S. Agustin de la Provincia del Smo. Nombre de Jesus de Filipinas desde su establecimiento en estas islas hasta nuestros dias. Manila, 1864.
Chaunu, Pierre
Las Filipinas y el Pacífico de los Ibéricos siglos XVI-XVII-XVIII (Estadísticas y
Atlas). Mexico City: Instituto Mexicano de Comercio Exterior, 1974.
“Le Galion de Manille. Grandeur et decadence d’une route de la sole.” Annales,
6:4 (October-December 1951), 447-62. Reprinted in Dennis O. Flynn; Arturo
Giráldez; and James Sobredo, eds., European Entry into the Pacific. Spain and the
Acapulco-Manila Galleons. (The Pacific World. Lands, Peoples and History of
the Pacific, 1500-1900, volume 14) (England: Ashgate/Variorum, 2001), 187-
202 [Chaunu’s methodology is fundamentally critiqued in the Introduction to the
Flynn/Giráldez/Sobredo volume, xxiv-xxv].
Cosano Moyano, José
Filipinas y su Real Hacienda (1750-1800). Córdoba, Spain: Monte de Piedad y Caja de Ahorros de Córdoba, 1986.
Dahlgren, Erik Wilhelm
The Discovery of the Hawaiian Islands. New York: AMS Press, 1977.
Reprint of Were the Hawaiian Islands Visited by the Spaniards before their discovery by Captain Cook in 1778?, which was isued as bd. 57, no. 4 of Kungl. Svenska
vetenskapasakademien Handlingar (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksells, 1916).
de la Costa, Horacio, S.J.
The Jesuits in the Philippines, 1581-1768. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard
University Press, 1967.
Díaz-Trechuelo Spínola, María Lourdes
“Dos Nuevos Derroteros del Galeon de Manila (1730 y 1773),” Anuario de
Estudios Americanos, 13 (1956), 1-83.[3]
Flynn, Dennis O.; and Arturo Giráldez.
“Arbitrage, China, and World Trade in the Early Modern Period,” Journal of the
Economic and Social History of the Orient, 38:4 (1995), 429-48. Reprinted in
Dennis O. Flynn; Arturo Giráldez; and James Sobredo, eds., European Entry into
the Pacific. Spain and the Acapulco-Manila Galleons. (The Pacific World. Lands,
Peoples and History of the Pacific, 1500-1900, volume 14) (England:
Ashgate/Variorum, 2001), 261-80.
“Born with a ‘Silver Spoon’: The Origin of World Trade in 1571.” Journal of World History, 6:2 (1995), 201-21.
“China and the Manila Galleons.” IN A. J. H. Latham and Heita Kavakatsu, eds.
Japanese Industrialization and the Asian Economy London: Routledge, 1994),
71-90. Also IN Dennis O. Flynn, ed., World Silver and Monetary History in the
16th and 17th Centuries (England: Variorum, 1996), reprint XV.
“Cycles of Silver: Global Economic Unity through the Mid-Eighteenth Century.”
Journal of World History, 13:2 (Fall 2002), 391-427.
Flynn, Dennis O.; Arturo Giráldez; and James Sobredo, eds.
European entry into the Pacific: Spain and the Acapulco-Manila Galleons (v. 4, The Pacific World: Lands, Peoples and History of the Pacific, 1500-1900 series). Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate/Variorum, 2001.
Garcia, Rolando R., et al.
“Atmospheric Circulation Changes in the Tropical Pacific Inferred from the
Voyages of the Manila Galleons in the Sixteenth-Eighteenth Centuries.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 82:11 (November 2001), 2435-56, found at http://ams.allenpress.com/amsonline/.
García González, Antonio F.
El Gobierno en Filipinas del Ilmo. Sr. Don Fray Juan de Arechederra y Tovar,
Obispo de la Nva. Segovia. Spain: Universidad de Granada, 1976.
Gerhard, Peter.
Pirates on the West Coast of New Spain 1575-1742. Glendale, California: The
Arthur H. clark Company, 1960. Reprinted in what appears to be an exact copy in 1990 by the University of Nebraska Press as Pirates of the Pacific, 1575-1742.
Gómez Platero, Eusebio, O.F.M.
Catálogo biográfico de los religiosos franciscanos de la provincia de San Gregorio Magno de Filipinas desde 1577 en que llegaron los primeros á Manila hasta los de nuestros dias. Manila: Santo Tomás, 1880. 813pp.
Jara, Alvaro
“Las Conexiones e Intercambios Americanos con el Oriente Bajo el Marco Imperial Español.” In Francisco Orrego Vicuña, ed., La Comunidad del Pacifico en Perspectiva (Santiago de Chile: Instituto de Estudios Internacionales d4e la Universidad de Chile, 1979), 35-67. Reprinted in Dennis O. Flynn; Arturo Giráldez; and James Sobredo, eds., European Entry into the Pacific. Spain and the Acapulco-Manila Galleons. (The Pacific World. Lands, Peoples and History of the Pacific, 1500-1900, volume 14) (England: Ashgate/Variorum, 2001), 203-239.
Legarda, Benito, Jr.
“Two and a Half Centuries of the Galleon Trade,” Philippine Studies, 3:4 (1955), 345-72. Reprinted in Dennis O. Flynn; Arturo Giráldez; and James Sobredo, eds., European Entry into the Pacific. Spain and the Acapulco-Manila Galleons. (The Pacific World. Lands, Peoples and History of the Pacific, 1500-1900, volume 14) (England: Ashgate/Variorum, 2001), 337-65.
Leonard, Irving A.
“Document: An Attempted Indian Attack on the Manila Galleon.” Hispanic
American Historical Review, 111 (1931), 69-76.
Lorente Rodrigañez, Luis Maria
“El galeón de Manila,” Revista de Indias, 5 (1944), 105-20.
Mathes, W. Michael.
Vizcaíno and Spanish Expansion in the Pacific Ocean 1580-1630. San
Francisco: California Historical Society, 1968.
Pajarón Parody, Concepción.
Don Fernando Manuel de Bustamante y Bustillo. Governador de Filipinas (1717-
1719). Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 1964.
Pérez, Elviro Jorde, O.S.A.
Catálogo bio-bibliográfico de los religiosos Agustinos de la provincia del
Santísimo Nombre de Jesús de las Islas Filipinas desde su fundación hasta nuestros dias …. Manila: Santo Tomás, 1901.
Peterson, Thomas K.
Secrets of the Manila Galleons. Corvallis, Oregon: privately published, 2002;
second edition, 2005. 163pp.
Quirino, Carlos; and Abraham Laygo
Regésto Guión Catálogo de los Documentos Existentes en México sobre
Filipinas. Manila: El Comité de Amistad Filipino-Méxicana, 1965.
Robles, Eliodoro G.
Supplement to the Calendar of Philippine Documents in the Ayer Collection,
Edited by Paul S. Lietz. Chicago: The Ayer Collection, The Newberry Library, 1958 [Unpublished]. Manuscript listing, Newberry Library, Ayer Collection, Call Number = 290/L6128/1956 suppl.
Sádaba del Carmen, Francisco, O.R.S.A.
Catálogo de los religiosos agustinos recoletos de la Provincia de San Nicolás de
Tolentino de Filipinas desde el año 1606, en que llegó la primera mission á Manila, hasta nuestros días…. Madrid, Impr. del Asilo de huérfanos del Sagrado corazón de Jesús, 1906.
Schurz, William Lytle
The Manila Galleon. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1939.
“Mexico, Peru, and the Manila galleon.” Hispanic American Historical Review,
1 (1918), 389-402.
“The Philippine situado,” Hispanic American Historical Review, 1 (1918), 461-4.
“The voyage of the Manila galleon from Acapulco to Manila.” Hispanic
American Historical Review, 2 (1919), 632-38.
Spate, O. H. K.
The Spanish Lake. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1979.
Monopolists and Freebooters. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983.
TePaske, John J.
“New World silver, Castile and the Philippines 1590-1800.” IN J. F. Richards,
ed., Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds
(Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press, 1983)m 425-45.
La Real Hacienda de Nueva España: La Real Caja de México (1576-1816).
Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (Colección
Científica, Fuentes (Historia Económica de México), 41, Departamento de
Investigaciones Históricas, Seminario de Historia Económica), 1976.
TePaske, John J.; and Herbert S. Klein
Ingresos y Egresos de la Real Hacienda de Nueva España. Volume One. Mexico:
Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (Colección Fuentes), 1986.
“The Seventeenth-Century Crisis in New Spain: Myth or Reality?” Past and
Present, 90 (February 1981), 116-35.
Wagner, Henry R.
Spanish Voyages to the Northwest Coast of America in the Sixteenth Century.
Amsterdam: N. Israel, 1966 (reprint of the San Francisco, California Historical Society publication of 1929).
[1] As always I wish to express my sincere thanks to the help of archivists at the following repositories who
aided me in tracking down and retrieving copies of relevant sources, often through letters and e-
mail and subsequent requests for copies. Their expertise and patience was crucial and very much
appreciated. I also thank other colleagues in print and in person who helped guide me to these
sources.
[2] One could just as readily cite this and the proceeding item as a single reference, since the chart is in fact
part of the 1771 report. For convenience of citation I separate them. I thank Dr. Salvador P.
Escoto for the reference to these two sources.
[3] Also see Thomas K. Peterson, Secrets of the Manila Galleons (Corvallis, Oregon: privately published,
2002; second edition, 2005), Chapter 5, “The Working Career of Enrique Herman, Manila Galleon
Pilot,” for more on the 1730 proposal.