DC Motor Control with Encoder Using Arduino Uno

Key Components and Functions:
Arduino Uno: Acts as the central controller to read encoder feedback and control motor speed.
DC Motor with Encoder: Provides motion and feedback for speed measurement.
Oscilloscope: Monitors signal waveforms (e.g., PWM output or encoder signals) in real-time.
Power Supply: Supplies the required voltage and current for the motor.
LCD Display (16x2): Displays motor speed (RPM) and other system data.
Potentiometer: Allows user to set or adjust the desired speed of the motor.
Op-Amp Circuit: Used for signal conditioning from the encoder or amplifying analog signals.
NPN Transistor (e.g., 2N2222): Acts as a switch or amplifier to drive the DC motor using PWM from the Arduino. 

 Working Principle:

Description:
This project demonstrates the control and monitoring of a DC motor with an encoder using an Arduino Uno, simulated in Tinkercad. The system integrates key components such as an oscilloscope, adjustable power supply, LCD display, potentiometer, operational amplifier (Op-Amp), and an NPN transistor to build a closed-loop motor control system.
The user adjusts the potentiometer, setting the desired motor speed.
The Arduino reads this analog value and generates a PWM signal accordingly.
The PWM signal is fed to the NPN transistor, which drives the motor based on the duty cycle.
The encoder provides feedback about the motor’s speed.
The Op-Amp may condition or amplify the encoder signal to ensure reliable reading.
The Arduino calculates the motor speed using encoder pulses and displays it on the LCD.
The oscilloscope can be used to observe the PWM waveform or encoder pulse signals for analysis and tuning.

Applications:
This setup is ideal for understanding the basics of closed-loop control systems, PWM motor control, and feedback systems.
Useful in robotics, automation, and mechatronics education.