PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY. 

The psychoanalytic theory of Dr. Sigmund Freud is an innovative approach adopted in sport behavior and athlete motivation.

The Freudian concept such as the 'psychic apparatus' has three major considerations. These are: (1) libido which states that behavior is driven by unconscious biologically based urges and is derived from one source, sexual energy that require immediate gratification; (2) conscious has three levels such as conscious, consisting of events and content with which the individual is aware; subconscious, the level of the mind that can be readily recalled to the conscious and the individual is in the state of partly aware and unaware; and unconscious, the all-important level of the mind and primary aspect of mental functioning; and (3) structures of personality, which are composed of the id, ego, and superego.

Id is the unconscious, the original system of personality, and the storehouse of the libido (urge), instinct, drives, and biological processes.

Ego is the conscious and rational control center that maintains equilibrium between the uninhibited instinct of the id and the socially oriented constraining superego.

Superego is the unconscious, and it acts as the conscience, standards, morals, values, and ideals of society.

ATTRIBUTION THEORY

Frits Heider and Bernard Weiner (as cited in Apruebo, 1997), discuss the eminent attribution theorists acknowledge how individuals can explain the causes of their behaviors that a particular event leads them to action in a way that it can cause the event to occur and/ or they assign causes to the events. In other words, attribution means explaining the causes of behavior. When athletes encounter a continual lack of control over a stressful events, they try to explain the situation to themselves in terms of different forms/styles of coping.

Learned Helplessness. Myers and Watson, et. al., (as cited in Apruebo, 1997) more or less agree that individuals who continually fail to exercise coping control are experiencing helplessness. Those who fail to use effective coping may result in a decrease in intellectual abilities such as learning and thinking; and increase in negative emotions such as fear, anxiety, and depression.

FIELD THEORY

Kurt Lewin (1951) formulated field theory and defined it as the psychological environment as it exists for the person at a given moment in time. His behavior at any moment in time will be a function of the interaction between his person, and his environment. Lewin theorizes that the individual’s life space is composed of several regions. In Lewin's theory, each has regions and sub regions in constant and dynamic interaction with one another.

Valence. It refers to the quality in an object that the individual has given a strong emphasis. It has positive and negative valence. A positive valence creates approach behavior.

Life Space. Lewin conceptualized a person's life space. It consists of three major regions: namely: (1) home life, (2) professional life, and (3) social life. Each has regions and sub regions that are in constant and dynamic interaction with one another. 

Group Dynamics. Also called group process. It is defined as the interaction of the forces or energies of the environment called process elements, at any given point in time, which actively influence the individual, the group, and the situation. 

ROLE THEORY

Blatner (2002) suggested the concept role theory as an “applied role theory." It could mean the basic idea of talking about problems and situations in terms of the roles people play, and then going on to defined those roles as regards expectations, sets of behaviors, and other features. It applies to the different levels of social organization and the ways of interaction between and among those levels. It is viewed in different levels. In somatic level, it refers to the way people learn to eat, talk, sleep, excrete and even carry their bodies and breathe. In the intra-psychic level, the way different parts of the person's mind communicate with each other is the essence of psychodynamic theory. In social level, the way family, group, and societal organization perform, is affected and/ or influenced by the culture and development. Role theory, therefore, is the level of application in specific situations in order to clarify the existing functions as expected by the social convention. It can be used to work out conflicts either individual or group life, to help others discover what the real issues are in their lives, to clarify convicting situations in committees, organizations, systems, and fields like sports. 

ABCs OF BEHAVIOR CONTROL

In sports psychology, one influential theory to understand the relations among athletes and their environment is operant conditioning. Operant conditioning includes an analysis of relations among three kinds of events. Smith (2001) presented ABCs of Behavior Control, an emerging concept of operant conditioning. These are:

-Antecedents (A), or environmental stimuli;

-Behaviors (B) means the person engages; and

-Consequences (C) that follow the behaviors which either strengthen or weaken them.

The relations that exist are called contingencies. It could mean that if antecedent stimuli (A) are present and behavior (B) is emitted then consequence (C) will occur. Two aspects of these relations are of interest. The first is the relation between antecedents and behaviors (A and B). The second is the contingency between behavior and its consequences (B and C).