Microeconomics is based on the notion that economic agents have well defined preferences and maximize their objectives. This basic notion is critical to all modelling exercises in economics. This section establishes this framework.
The ability to form consistent preferences and to choose according to them is supported by brain regions involved in executive functions (working memory, planning, etc). As these functions decline with age, decision-making also becomes impaired. Read here.
As consumers, we often act irrationally and we may be tricked into buying certain options by clever presentation and pricing startegies. Read here.
We often value things more when we own them, regardless of their market value, and the price we would pay to acquire them if we did not own them. This bias is called the endowment effect.
People are subject to inertia, a tendency to repeat decisions or stick to default options. read here.
Impulsive and compulsive buying behaviors are becoming problematic in our society, and a cause of overindebtedness. Understanding the differences and similarities between the two, as well as the path from one to another is critical to restore healthy consumption behavior. Read here.
Most of the decisions we make involve some uncertainty component. Sometimes we do know the chances we have to obtain a given outcome (when we flip a coin for instance). Sometimes, our information is limited (when we bet on the weather in a foreign city). This section presents the fundamental models to account for preferences under risk and uncertainty and discusses how we make decisions in that context.
People often bet on lottery tickets with negative expected value. This means that, were they rational, they should not bet at all. Why does this occur? Is this more frequent in environments in which people can compare themselves to others? Read more here.
Evolutionary theories of risk behavior build on risk sensitivity theory. Read more here.
Many economic decisions not only involve risk, they also involve time. We often need to make trade-offs between present and future rewards or losses. For instance, should we spend money for consumption today or rather save it for the rainy days? These kinds of decisions require to make trade-offs and they are impacted by our perception of delays, our intrinsic patience, our tendency to be impulsive.Â
Our abilities to make trade-offs between the present and the future and to delay instant gratification impact our inter-temporal decisions. Observed savings attitudes are a direct consequence.
Time preferences develop throughout childhood and adolescence. This report investigates these changes and what causes them. Read more here.
Our willingness to delay immediate rewards to get higher rewards in the future depends on our subjective evaluation of these delays. People who are more patient and willing to sacrifice current rewards for larger future ones are also people for which time passes more quickly. Hence, they are more willing to wait. Read more here.
Mental time travel refers to the ability to remember the past to predict the future. It is rooted in brain systems involved in episodic memory and planning. Here we develop a mathematical model that links brain functioning to behavior in the context of intertemporal decision-making.
This project investigates various aspects of consumption behavior. It addresses in particular how the brain processes information before we make decisions and shows that dysfunctions of these processes lead to addiction.Â
Consumption behavior is of primary importance in the study of decision-making and economics. It is the basis of human choices and it is eventually reflected in data at both the micro and macro levels.Â
Other regarding concerns are related to our intrinsic motivation regarding others. For instance, do we care about others, do we care about what they think of us or do we care about following the norm? Standard Economics takes into account strategic concerns but disregards social or psychological motivations of our actions. We review here recent research in behavioral economics that brings other regarding concerns into light.
How do we develop our ability to lie to benefit ourselves and others? It appears that children are already wired to lie to their advantage. Also, lying to benefit others is rare. Read more here.
How can emotions shape moral behavior? When stealing cannot be deterred by a system of monetary incentives, shaming may be beneficial to achieve norm compliance. Read more here.
Children develop preferences differently across domains (goods, risk, social). The evolution of preferences in the social domain reflects a trajectory between selfishness/spite to fairness and prosociality during elementary school. Read more here.
Sometimes, it is easier to remain ignorant of the consequences of our actions on others. This attitude is however not present in children: independently of whether they act selfishly or in a prosocial way, they are aware of their choices and consequences. Strategic ignorance develops late, probably in parallel with self image concerns. Read more here.
Read aslo the documents under ''Inequality'' in the Projects section.
How and when do we develop a tolerance for inequality in the context of meritocratic allocations. Read here.
Decision-making requires to interpret information. When we have an opinion and observe some evidence, we form a revised opinion. There is a rational way to perform these operations, governed by Bayes' rule. In this section, we discuss how people form opinions and highlight some common biases that affect the perception of true phenomena and the ability to learn.