Gazetteer of Tahsils, Zamindaris, Towns. Important Villages, Rivers, Hills and Library.

#Amandula - The largest village in the Saksi State, situated in the south, with an area and population of 1568 acres and 504 persons, respectively. The village is rich and the Gaontia is of the Gabel caste.

#Ambikapur -  The headquarters town of the Surguja State containing a palace for the residence of the Chief, a fine building constructed of bricks in lime and floored with fine marbles. An installation for electric light and fans has recently been added. There are also a court-house and office, Station-house, jail, a school with library and a guest-house. There is a fair-sized bazar (market), where all the ordinary commodities in daily use can readily be obtained, including kerosine oil. Settled in the bazar are some skilled workmen from Calcutta and the Punjab, who have taken service under the Chief and repair his carriages, drive his motor cars, and keep the electric installation in order. The town is laid out with fine roads, on both sides of which are substantial houses belonging to merchants from Mirzapur, Gaya and other Districts, who have permanently settled there. 

#Amgaon - A village in Raigarh State, situated on the boundary line separating the Raigarh State from Gångpur. Its area and population are 1353 acres and 1678 persons. respectively. There is a feeder school with library, and a weekly market is held at which grain, lac, agricultural implements and bamboo baskets are largely sold.

#Antagarh Tahsil - The north-western tahsil of Bastar State, lying between 19'-11' and 20'-14' N. and 80°-26' and 81-30' E., with an area of 2850 square miles (including that of Paralkot zamindari) and a population of 39,811 persons. The tahsil comprises 615 villages, of which 461 have been leased out. The surface is broken and uneven. The hilly portion of the tahsil covers about 1690 square miles. The Narayanpur plains are somewhat thickly populated. The principal inhabitants are the Murias, Marias, Halbas, Dhakars and Mehras. The predominant class of soil is mal. The principal crops grown here are rice, urad, mung, wheat and gram. The tahsil has a police Station-house and four outposts. 

#Antagarh Village - The headquarters of the Antagarh tahsil (Bastar Stats), 83 miles from the RajNandgaon railway station on the Bengal-Nagpur Railway and 104 miles from Jagdalpur, with a population of 1124 souls. A weekly market is held here every Tuesday. The village has a primary school with library, a police Station-house, post-office and forest office. 

#Arra - The headquarters of the ilakadar of Arra in jashpur State, situated about ten miles east of Jashpurnagar. The ilakadar estate consisting of 28 villages was bestowed upon the ancestors of the ilakadar on the condition of loyalty to the present ruling family. The present ilakadar being a minor, the estate is under the management of the Chief, and pays an annual takoli of Rs. 437-8-0. The ilakadar is a Rautia by caste, and bears the local title of Naik, the village contains a primary school with library. 

#Asra - A large village in Nandgaon State situated on the bank of the Jhura river with an area of 3000 acres. The village has a primary school with library and an extensive mango grove. 

#Bagbahar - An important village in the Tamta circle of Udaipur State, heing the headquarters of the zamindar of Bagbahar, and containing a police outpost and a school with library besides the zamindar's residence. A weekly market is held here, which is resorted to by traders from the neighbouring States of Raigarh and Jashpur. The zamindar pays Rs. 181 as land revenue to the State, besides Rs. 22-9-6 on account of prison cess. 

#Bagicha - A village in Kakiya, Jashpur State, formerly the seat of an ilakadar. The estate was confiscated ten years ago, on account of the disloyalty of the ilakadar who was a Pahari Korwa by caste. The village contains a police outpost and a primary school with library. 

#Bagh Nadi - A village lying in the northernmost plateau of the Korea State on the Singhroli-Mirzapur road. The village contains a police outpost, and is the residence of a relative of the Chief.

#Baikunthpur - The present headquarters of the Korea State, situated on the banks of the Gaj nullah. A jail, police Station-house, dispensary, primary school with library, and the Chief's residence, court and treasury are located here. 

#Bakaruma - A fair sized village on the track between Tâmta and Dharamjaigarh in Udaipur State. 

#Bamhni - An important village in Kawardha State, held o thekedari tenure by the recognized head of the Kabirpanth, named Dhirajnäm Sahib. The villages lies six miles to the south of Kawardha town, and has an area and population of 2300 acres and 880 souls, respectively. The principal inhabitants of the village belong to the Lodhi caste. The village contains a primary school with library and a quarry of white clay.

#Banas River - The Bands rises from the forest of mauzä Barail in Chang Bbakär State and flows west into the Rewah State.

#Banbod - A village in the Nandgaon State situated on the Gadaghat-Pandadah road. Close to the village there is a hill on which are to be found images of black stone said to represent King Vikramaditya on horseback commanding his troops.

#Bandarchua - A village in the ilakadari of the same name in Jashpur State containing a police outpost and a primary school with library. The ilakadar is a Kawar by caste, bears the local title of Saidai and holds his estate, consisting of eight villages, on the condition of loyalty to the preseat ruling family, The ilakadar pays an annual takoli of Rs. 251 to the State.

#Bandha - A forest village in Kawardha State, nine miles to the west of Kawardha, with a population of only 33 souls. The importance of the village, however, is due to the forests, which are well stocked with all sorts of game. The village contains a natural spring which never dries up. 

#Banjari - A village nine miles from Chhuria in the Nandgaon State. A forest outpost and a temple, which is much resorted to by Hindus from various parts of the State, are found here. 

#Bargarh - A pargana of Raigarh State, consisting of 155 villages, with a population of 35,318 parsons. The northern portion is mostly hilly and almost covered with forests, while the southern portion is an open plain. The railway traverses the centre of the pargana, and Khursia station lies in it. The soil is mostly matasi, the principal crops grown here are rice, pulses, til and sugarcane. The quantity of wheat and gram grown is rather small. Telis, Kalars, Kawars and Gonds are the principal castes found here. Among the three principal markets held in the pargans, the Khursia market is the most important. The pargana contains four primary schools with library, one police station, three police outposts, a post and telegraph office, an outstill and dispensary, the last being at Khursia. The Mand river and the Barai nala drain this tract.

#Barsur - An old village in Bastar State, formerly the capital of the Nagvanshi kings, 55 miles from Jagdalpur to the west,containing several temples of archaeological interest. The inscriptions removed by Colonel Glasfurd were found in the lord Shiva temple here. The mamā bhānjā kā Mandir' and the image of Ganesh.

#Bastar - A village in Bastar State, eleven miles from Jagdalpur on the Dhamtari road, with a population of 678 souls. It was once the capital of the Bastar Chief. The village has a primary school with library, police outpost, and an old lord Siva temple on a fine tank called Bhimsägar. 

#Bataikela - The second village in the Jashpur State in point of population and one of the gold-collecting centres. A weekly market is held here. Bataikela is the private estate of the heir-apparent, who has a granary here. 

#Bene - The ancient capital of Jashpur State in the time of the Dom Chiefs. There is a fine waterfall on the Ib river close by, known as Beneghag. 

#Bhagwanpur - A village in Châng Bhakar State, seven miles to the south-east of Bharathpur. This with four other villages is held by the Feudatory Chief's relatives as a maintenance grant (kharposhdari). 

#Bhairamgarh - The headquarters village of an ilākadar of 120 villages in Bastar State, 69 miles from Jagdalpur on the Chanda road, with a population of 731 souls. The present holder is Hanuman Singh, subordinate to the Kutru zamindår. The village has a primary school with library, police outpost and a number of tanks and ruins of temple and a fort. Rai Bahadur Panda Baijnath discovered three inscriptions here. 

#Bharamurio - A peak in Jashpur State situated in 23°-55′ north and 83-32 east, rising to a height of 3390 feet above the sea-level. 

#Bharathpur - The headquarters town of the Chang Bhakar State on the river Banas, Janakpur was formerly the capital of the State, but the present Chief selected a site near Kanouj established himself there with his family and called the village by the name of Bharathpur. On three sides the village is surrounded by forest-clad hills, but on the north the country slopes down to the valley of the Banas river. The river itself, though distant only a mile, is concealed from view by an intervening stretch of jungle. The village contains, besides the house of the Chief, a court and office building, school with library, Jail and Police Station, These buildings are constructed of sun-dried-bricks. 

#Bhiji - A village in the Konta tahsil of Bastar State, with population of 114 souls. This was the former headquarters of the tahsil, and is now the residency of an ubaridar, whose grandfather was a Zamindar. 

#Bhimbhori - A village situated on the north-east border Chhuikhadan State towards the Khairagarh State, with an area of 1069 acres. The village is commercially important, exporting a large quantity of grain to the Kawardha State. There is a primary school with library here. 

#Bhonda - The headquarters village of the zamindari of the same name, which lies in the northwest of the Kawandha State, with an area and population of 70 square miles and 2100 persons, respectively. The greater portion of the zamindari is covered with hills and forests.

#Bhopalpatnam Zamindari - This zamindari lying between 18-37 and 19-12 N. and 80-18 and 80-45 E in Bastar State, consists of four detached Blocks, the main one Bhopalpatnam proper, being in the extreme west. The estate consists of 139 villages, of which 14 are uninhabited. The area and population of the estate are 722 square miles and 9055 persons respectively. Over three fourths of the area are under hills and forest the principal timber is teak which is plentiful. The estate is connected with Jagdalpur by road. The soil of the estate is sandy in the plains throughout with patches of black soil here and there. Rice is the chief crop here. The zamindari has one police Stationhouse at the headquarters and an outpost at Madder. 

#Bijapur Tahsil - One of the central tahsils of Bastar Stats, lying between 18-25 and 19 N. and 80-35 and 81-30 E., with an area of 1165 acres. It is bordered by the Antagarh, Konta and Jagdalpur tahsils, Chanda District and the Nizam's Dominions. The greater part of the tahsil is under hills and forests. The bulk of the population are Murias. The principal crops grown here are rice. juāri, til, cotton and hemp. The tahsil comprises 11 parganas and contains a police Stationhouse and three outposts. 

#Bijapur Village - The headquarters of the Bijapur tahsil (Bastar State) 99 miles from Jagdalpur. The village has a primary school with library, police Station-house, forest office and dispensary. Some remains of an old fort are to be found here. 

#Bilbahra - The most populous village in the Korea State, lying on the road to Kilhari. The village is held by a Gond. 

#Binadi - A village in Nandgaon State, 15 miles from Kokpur, on the borders of the Bhandara District. An important weekly market is held here. 

#Bodra - A village in the Jagdalpur tahsil (Bastar State) with a population of 208 souls, formerly the residence of the resent Raj family. 

#Boretara - A village on the south-east border of Chhui-khadan State towards the Parpodi zamindāri, with an area and population of 1760 acres and 1200 persons, respectively. The residents are mostly Telis und Lodhis. A police out-post and a primary school with library are situated here. 

#Boria - The headquarters village of the zamindari of the same name on the borders of Mandla District in Kawardha State. 

#Borla - A village in Kawardha State, lying twelve miles to the north of the headquarters town Kawardha, with an area and population of 2381 acres and 852 persons, respectively. The village contains a police outpost, forest post, cattle- pound, dak bungalow (post office) and a few irrigation tanks. A bazar is held twice a week in this village. The forest close to the village abounds in game. 

#Bugudega - A small zamindāri situated in the north of Raigarh State on the borders of the Udaipur State, and owned by a Gond, who has to pay a takoli of Rs. 218. The zamindari contains 7 villages, and has an area and population of 738 acres and 2200 persons, respectively. 

#Bulga - A large village situated on the boundary line of Raigarh State towards the Chandarpur zamindari in the Bilaspur District. Originally it was the capital of the State. The family goddess of the Raja is located here in a mud house and regularly worshipped, but the Chief is precluded by custom visiting the temple or setting foot within the precincts of the village for fear of incurring the wrath of the goddess. In this village are found an outstill, a feeder school with large library and a large number of tanks for the purpose of irrigation.

#Chapka - A small village in Bastar State, 17 miles from Jagdalpur. Its holder is a Brahman. A fair is held here in Phalgun (February-March) every year. Several safi stones are to be found here.

#Charama - An important village of the Kanker tahsil (Kanker State) situated on the Dhamtari-Jagdalpur road, 18 miles from the railway station containing a police outpost, school with library, forest post and dakbungalow (post office).

#Charratnagar - A big village situated in the north of Raigarh State with a population of 703 persons. The important family in the village is that of the gaontia, who is of the Kawar caste. A large irrigation tank, fed by a spring is found here. 

#Chhal - An important village in Udaipur State on the Khursia-Dharamjaigarh road, ten miles from Khursia, a rail way station on the main line of the Bengal-Nagpur Railway. A granary belonging to the Chief, a police Station-house and a school and library are situated here. In the neighborhood of the village coal is found, and a company has taken out a license to prospect for the mineral, The zamindar of Chhal resides here. 

#Chhapri - A village, eleven miles west of Kawardha town, with an area and population of 950 acres and 150. persons, respectively. The principal residents of the village are Gonds. There is a well decorated lord Vishnu temple hare which contains numerous inscriptions relating to events of the eleventh century, It is now dedicated to the aboriginal god Bhoramdeo. An inscription in Sanskrit placed in what is known as Mandwa Mahal describes the origin of the Nagvansi line of kings. Close to the village there is a hill, locally called Diyabar, where it is said that a light was perpetually kept up by some supernatural power during the time the Bhoramdeo temple was under construction. 

#Chhuikhadan - The headquarters town of the Chhuikhadan State, distant about thirty-one miles from both the Rajnandgaon and Dongargarh stations on the Bengal-Nagpur Railway, with an area and population of 694 acres and 2085 persons, respectively. Chhuikhadan is also a tahsil. The principal crops grown in the tahşil are kodon, wheat, gram and rice, and the principal castes living therein are Banias, Bairagis and Brahmans. The town has a jail, court-house, police Station-house, cattle-pound, inspection bungalow, primary school, library, vernacular middle school, dispensary, sarai, post and telegraph office, and some temples. 

#Chhuria - A village in Nandgaon State under the hills, thirty miles from the headquarters town. The village contains a good tank and a police outpost. 

#Chilhati - An important village of the Sambalpur tahsil (Känker State), situated on the Kanker-Sambalpur road, containing an outpost. The soil of this village is very fertile. 

#Chilpi - A small village in Kawardha State inhabited by Baigās, situated on the ghat over the Satpura range, 27 miles from the headquarters town Kawardha. The village is about 2000 feet above the sea-level and has a cool climate comparatively. 

#Chintalnar Zamindari - The estate lies in Bastar State between 18-10 and 18-30' N. and 81-2' and 81-31 E., with an area of 434 square miles and a population of 5112 souls. The zamindari is mostly hilly, and is at present managed by the State. There are altogether 63 villages, six of which are uninhabited. The headquarters of the estate are at Jagargunda, which has a population of 207 souls. Juāri is the staple food. The zamindar pays Rs. 1526-10-3 land revenue. 

#Chirchari - A village in the Nandgaon State, thirty miles from the headquarters town, with a police outpost and a forest naka. 

#Chithra - A fair-sized village in Udaipur State on the Khursia-Dharamjaigarh road, 13 miles from Dharamjaigarh, containing a granary belonging to the Chief, and a school with library. 

#Chitrakot - A village on the river Indravati, 24 miles from Jagdalpur in Bastar State. There is a fine waterfall here (96 feet). The surrounding country was once called "Chakrakotya mandal".

#Dalpurwa - A village in the Raigarh State, situated ten miles to the east of the headquarters town on the border of the Bilaspur District, with an area and population of 430 acres and 230 persons, respectively. Kurmis are the principal residents of the village which contains a primary school and library. 

#Danrbula - An important village in the Srinagar tappa of Surguja State, containing a school with library and a police Station house. There is also a granary here. A large weekly bazar is held here.

#Dantewara - A muafi village, in Bastar State, allotted to the temple of the Raj family goddess, Danteshwari. which is situated here near the junction of the Dankani and Shankhani rivers. The temple contains a number of images said to have been brought from Bärsur. The image of Danteshwari is of black stone with eight arms. She is otherwise known as Mahishasurmardini. The goddess appears to have originally belonged to the Nägvansi kings. There are about 144 villages dedicated to this goddess. The Jia and Jha family are hereditary managers of the temple, but the State appears to have exercised supervision over the managers at least from 1856 A.D. Human sacrifices used to be offered to the goddess. From 1855 onwards, for some years, the British Government put a guard on the temple to ensure that no such sacrifices should be offered, The village has a police Station-house, a primary school with library and a forest post. 

#Darbaghat - A small village in Bastar State, za miles from Jagdalpur on the road to Konta. The plateau of Jagdalpur ends here abruptly with a drop of about 1200 feet into the plain below. A road, eight miles in length, has had to be made down this hill at a cost of about Rs. 45,000. The village contains a police outpost. 

#Dasrangpur - A large village in Kawardha State lying 14 miles from the headquarters town, Kawardha, on the Simga road, with an area and population of 2300 acres and 800 persons, respectively. The village contains a primary school, library, post office, inspection hut, and a few irrigation tanks. The thekedar is a Baniä, but Kurmis are the principal residents.

#Daura - A fairly large and prosperous village in the Rajpur tappa of Surguja State belonging to the Katsaribari zamindar, who has a granary and maintains a Tahsildar here The zamindar himself is a khorposhdar of the Patna zamindari in the Kores State. 

#Demdea - A village of considerable importance to the north-west of Danrbula in Surguja State.

#Deodongar - A very old village of the Kanker tahsil (Känker State), situated at the foot of a hill on which there is a cave. There is an old stone temple called Hemädpanthi here. 

#Deogaon - A village in the Saria pargana (Sarangarh State), with a population of 1007 persons. It contains a vernacular school and library. The gaontia is Agharin by caste, There is a stone quarry which provides fines, small but heavy slates. They are extracted and polished by boys and used in schools. The principal crop is rice. 

#Deragarh - large village in Sakti State, situated to the north-west of the headquarters town (Sakti) on the south-western boundary of the State. The village owes its name to the old fort of the Bhainas, the remains of which are still to be seen. 

#Dewadand - A small village in Korea State, situated on the banks of the river Hasdo towards Pendra. 

#Dhanora - A village in Bastar State three miles from Keskäl on the road to Dhamtari. The village is called by the Gonds as Durg Dhanoräfrom an old fortress. Several tanks, mounds and images are to be found here. One of these mounds disclosed, when dug open, a Siva témple with the image of the deity therein. The tradition is that Raja Karna, probably of the Känker family, who built 5 temples at the lord shiva in 1192 A.D. ruled here. 

#Dhaurpur - The chief village of the Binjpur tappa of Surguja State where the ilakadar resides. A school, library and a police Station-house are found here. 

#Dharamjaigarh - The headquarters of the Udaipur State, situated in 24-29 N. and 83-14 E. on a picturesque bend of the Mand river, near the centre of the State. The principal buildings are the Chief's palace, police Station-house, school, dispensary, library, jail and a guest-house. 

#Dhonga Amba - A hill in Jashpur State, situated about 17 miles south of Jashpur nagar, extending from east to west. It abounds in game of all kinds. 

#Dipadih - A village in the Chalgali tappa of Surguja State. About a mile from the village towards the north, there are some remains of archeological interest. 

#Diwan's Estate - This estate in Raigarh State belongs to that branch of the Feudatory Chief's family which in old days provided the State with a prime minister (Diwan). The present holder is one Jagmohan Singh, a descendant of Jujhar Singh, the common ancestor of himself and the present Chief. The estate consists of 39 villages with an area of 30,500 acres and a population of 8251 souls, and pays Rs.100 as takoli and Rs. 555 as cesses. The forest area is small but valuable, Two settlements have been carried out here and a third settlement is impending.

#Dokia - A well situated trading village in the Kanker tahsil (Kanker State) with a good supply of water from tanks. A weekly bazar (market) is held here. 

#Dokra - A big village and one of the gold-washing centres in Jashpur State, Dokra is a private estate of the Feudatory Chief who has a large granary here. 

#Dongargaon - An important village in Nandgaon State, sixteen miles from Raj-Nandgaon town. The village contains a temple, a school, library, a police Station-house and a dak bungalow (post office), and is watered by the river Ghumaria. The remains of an old palace area to be found on the neighboring hills. To the west of the village there is a Bairagi monastery. The village is important as a trading place, and a weekly market is held at the Raniganj bazar every Thursday.

#Dongargarh - A town in the Khairagarh State, situated on the Bengal-Nagpur Railway, with a railway station of the same name. The area and population of the town are 153 acres and about 6900 souls respectively. According to the census of 1901 there were about 5000 Hindus, 100 Muhammadans, 20 Christians and a few Jains. The town contains a tahsil office, vernacular, middle school with library and dispensary. The Kamkandla tank has a tradition which has already been described in the paragraph on the Archeology of the State. The temple of Bomial Devi is situated on the top of a hill and the goddess is worshipped on the Pola festival day. The town has a regularly constituted municipality, the principal sources of income of which are octroi tax, wheel tax and brokers' fees. The main heads of expenditure of the municipality are conservancy, roads, school, library, hospital and town police. The income and expenditure of the municipality in 1907 were Rs. 12,500 and Rs. 8000 respectively. The town of Dongargarh is commercially important, and the main imports are cloth, salt, cocoanut, spices, sugar, metal, ghi, tobacco and glassware, while the important exports are grain, oilseeds, chillies, timber. myrabollam, sheep and goats. 

#Dongar Kalan - A village in the Kondagaon tahsil (Bastar State). This was the village assigned by the Chief to his brother for maintenance. Several Muhammadans live here. The village has a police Station-house, post office and a primary school with library. 

#Dongarpali - A small zamindari situated in the south-east corner of the Sarangarh State in the Saria pargana towards the Sambalpur District. It consists of 18 villages covering an area of 9868 acres. The zainindar, a Gond by caste, has to collect the land revenue for the State and to pay takoli to the Chief. He has no proprietary rights over the forests in his villages, and has no authority to alter the rents of tenants fixed at the settlement. 

#Gadia Pahar - A hill in Kanker State to the south of Känker town, famous for an old fort situated on the plateau on its summit. There are some mango groves and a tank called Sona-dehi Rupa-dehi, named after Sona and Rüpa, the daughters of a former king who resided there. A stone gateway, a temple dedicated to Mahadeo lord Shiv, and the ruins of substantial buildings are also found there. There are also some caves in which people can live comfortably. In the time of the Pindaris, the Räjäs of the State and their attendants used to hide in these caves, the entrances of which are within the fort, and thus protect themselves from the violence of the robbers.

#Gangalur - A large muafi village in Bastar State, 14 miles from Bijapur, with a population of 1584 souls. The village is held by the Pat Rani, and has a primary school, library and a police outpost. 

#Gharghoda - A large rent-free village in the Tarapur zamindari (Raigarh State), about 21 miles from the Raigarh railway station on he bengal-Nagpur Railway. The present Rani holds the village, which has a population of 1353 souls. with a police Station-house and a primary school with library. A weekly bazar is held here at which lac, til, mustard seed and agricultural implements are disposed of. 

#Ghori - A village ot some importance in Udaipur State, lying about 20 miles to the north-east of Dharamjaigarh. A weekly bazar is held here. 

#Ghumka - A village in Nandgaon State fifteen miles from the headquarters town Raj-Nandgaon, containing a police Station-house, several tanks and a beautiful mango grove. 

#Gunji - A village situated about 12 niles from Sakti town on the north-west horder of the State. It contains a kund (reservoir of water) supplied froin a waterfall from the neighbouring hills. It is known as Damau Dahra. Formerly this place was the abode of the descendants of Hari and Gajar, the founders of the State. 

#Gur - A zamindari village in Chăng Bhakar State on the road from Tiloli to Kamarji. 

#Gurda - A zamindari in Raigarh State, taking its name from a village of the same name, the headquarters of the zamindar. The zamindări consists of 12 villages, with an area and population of 730 acres and 2405 persons respectively, and has twice been settled, once under the Cuttack system and once summarily. The zamindar is a Kanwar by caste, and has to pay a takoli of Rs. 4654 to the State. 

#Halba - A village of the Kanker tahsil (Känker State), situated on the old road running from Känker to Dhamtari, containing a police outpost, forest post, school, library and a resthouse for the convenience of travellers. 

#Harchoka - A village on the Mawahi river close to the northern boundary of the Chang Bhakar State. The remains of extensive rock excavations, supposed to be temples and monasteries, were discovered here in 1870-71; they appear to be the work of a more civilized race than the present inhabitants of the State. 

#Hariapur - A village in the Ramkola tappa of Surguja State, where the zamindar spends most of his time. This village is inhabited by Rajwars, but the Baiga is a Chero. In  the  neighbourhood  are  two  fine  tanks  and  a  good  mango  grove.  The  zamindar  claims  that  his  great-grandfather  built  these  tanks,  but  the  villagers  say  they  are  far  older. 

#Hetghat - The  lowland  portion  of  the  Jashpur  State,  lying  about  2000  feet  lower  than  the  Uparghat.  The  only  means  of  access  from  the  Hetghat  to  the  capital  is  through  a  difficult  pass,  known  as  Dameraghat.  The  view  of  the  Hetghat  from  the  summit  of  this  pass  is  splendid.  The  Feudatory  Chief  has  built  a  small  bungalow  at  the  head  of  the  pass.     A  hill  stream  heightens  the  beauty  of  the  place.   

#lb  River - The  chief  river  in  the  Jashpur  State,  rising  in  the  Ranijhula  hill  in  Khuria  and  flowing  through  the  State  from  north  to  south.  Several  waterfalls  are  found  along  its  course,  the  finest,  Beneghag,  being  formed  by  the  rush  of  its  waters  over  a  square  mass  of  trap  rock,  where  it  passes  from  the  heights  of  the  Uparghat  into  the  flat  country  of  the  Hetghat.  Owing  to  numerous  rapids,  the  river  is  not  navigaable.  The  only  boats  used  are  small  dug-outs  kept  at  Sanna.  Gold  is  obtained  in  small  quantities  from  the  banks  and  beds  of  the  river  near  the  Gangpur  border.  The  scenery  on  the  river  near  Lowakhera  is  very  fine.   

#Indori - The  largest  village  in  the  Kawardha  State,  lying  10  miles  east  of  Kawardha  town,  with  an  area  of  3500  acres  and  a  population  of  900  souls,  most  of  whom  are  Chamars.  The  village  contains  a  primary  school,  and  a  large  weekly  market  is  held  there.  The  gaontia  is  of  the  Kurmi  caste.  Rice  is  the  principal  crop  grown.   

#Indravati  River - The  chief  river  in  Bastar  State,  running  from  east  to  west  for  about  240  miles,  with  a  fine  waterfall  at  Chitrakot.  Above  the  fall,  the  stream  is  narrow,  but  below it  the  bed  of  the  river  widens  and  contains  many  islands.  The  chief  tributaries  are  the  Naringi,  Bhardigh,  Gadra  and  Aothari  rivers.   

#Jagdalpur  Tahsil - The  central  tahsll  of  the  Bastar  State,  lying  between  19°-3o'  and  18°-35'  N.  and  8o°-3o'  and  82°-15'  E.  with  an  area  and  population  of  2608  square  miles  and  130,582  persons  respectively,  and  consisting  of  743  villages.  The  tahsfl  is  traversed  by  chains  of  hills  from  one  end  to  the  other  towards  the  south.  The  Savari  river  separates  the  tahsil  from  the  Jeypore  estate.  The  forests  cover  nearly  three-fourths  of  the  area. The  principal  timber  is  teak,  but sal is  also  found  in  abundance.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Marias,  Murias,  Parjas  and  Bhatras.  Rice  is  the  chief  crop  grown  here.  The  tahsil  contains  two  police  Station-houses,  six  police  outposts  and  one  inspection  bungalow. 

#Jagdalpur  Town - The  capital  of  the  Bastar  State,  situated  on  the  Indravati  river.  The  population  is  4681.  The  principal  buildings  are  the  new  palace,  hospital, library,  public  offices,  jail  and  Anglo-vernacular  middle  school.  There  are  also  a  girls'  school  and  a  school  for  low-caste  boys.  An  American  Mission  has  an  establishment  at  Fraserganj  just  outside  the  town.  There  is  a  large  bazar  with  several  Hindu  firms  established  in  it,  who  deal  in  cloth,  oilseeds,  grain,  and  spices  while  some  Muhammadans  transact  the  trade  in  myra-bollams,  lac,  hides,  and  hardware.  The  town  was  formerly  surrounded  by  a  moat,  but  this  was  filled  up  on  sanitary  grounds.    Near  the  palace  is  a  fair  tank  called  Samundar.

#Jajang - A  large  village  in  Sakti  State,  situated  about  five  miles  from  the  headquarters  town,  Sakti.  The  gaontia  of  the  village  is  of  the  Gabel  caste.  Rice  flourishes  here,  and  the  cultivators  are  generally  well  off.

#Jamgaon - A  small  but  important  village  in  the  Diwim's  estate  in  Raigarh  State,  from  which  timber,  bamboos  and  mahuH  are  exported  by  rail.   

#Jamirapat - A  long  winding  ridge,  about  two  miles  wide  in  the  Surguja  State,  lying  between  23°-22'  and  23°-29'  N.  and  83°-33'  and  83-41'  E.  It  rises  to  a  height  of  3500  feet  and  forms  part  of  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  State,  where  it  borders   on  Chota  Nagpur  proper.

#Jarwe - A  village  in  the  west  of  Sakti  State,  about  sixteen  miles  from  Sakti,  with  a  population  of  461  persons;  original-  ly the  property  of  Diwan  Nirmal  Singh,  but  now  surrendered  to  the  Chief.  The  village  has  a  stone  quarry,  a  primary  school  and  a  pond.  

#Jashpurnagar - Otherwise  called  Jagdishpur,  the  head-  quarters of  the  Jashpur  State,  situated  in  22°-53'  N.  and  84°.8' E.,  about  90  miles  from  Ranchi.  Population  (1901)  1654.  It  contains  the  residence  of  the  Chief,  a  dispensary, a  school,  library, a  dak  bungalow,  a  sub-post  office  and  a  jail. 

#Jatra - A  small  zamindari  in  the  north  of  Raigarh  State,  consisting  of  13  villages.  The  zamindar  is  a  Gond  by  caste,  and  has  to  pay  a  takoii  of  Rs.  193  to  the  State. 

#Jhagarpur - A small  zamindari  in  Raigarh  State  consisting of, having an  area and  population  of  231  acres  and  768  persons  respectively.  The zamindar  is  a  Gond  and has  to  pay  a  takoli  of  Rs.  113  to  the  State.

#Jhalmala - A  village  in  Kawardha  State,  lying  to  the  east  of  the  headquarters  town,  Kawardha,  on  the  border  of  the  Drug  District,  with  an  area  and  population  of  586  acres  and  457  persons  respectively.  A  weekly  bazar  is  held  in  this  village  every  Monday.  

#Jhilmili - The  headquarters  village  of  the  Jhilmili  tappa  of  Surguja  State.  It  is  also  called  Bhaiya  Than.  Here  the ilikadar  Bhaiya  Sheo  Prasad  Singh  Deo  has  his  house.  Besides  the  Bhaiya's  residence,  it  has  a  school, library and  a  police  Station-house.  The  place  is  of  importance  as  a  trade  centre,  and  here  are  found  the  ubiquitous  Kabulis  and  other  Musalman  traders  and  Hindu  mahajans.  These  people  chiefly  deal  in  grain,  lac,  hides,  and  jungle  products,  and  the  greatsr  quantity  of  the  grain  obtained  by  them  in  the  Jhilmili  tappa  is  brought  into  Bhaiya  Than  as  a  depot,  before  it  is  des-  patched to  Pendra  Road  railway  station.   

#Jhirna - A  small  village  in  Kawardha  State,  lying  seven  miles  from  Kawardha  town.  It  was  once  an  important  place  owing  to  the  sacred  fountain  called  Narbada,  where  a  big  fair  used  to  be  held.  The  area  and  population  of  the  village  are  624  acres  and  129  persons  respectively.   

#Juba - A  deserted  fortress  in  the  Surguja  State,  situated  in  23°-43'  N.  and  83°-26'  E.,  about  2  miles  south-east  of  Manpura  village.  The  fort  stands  on  the  rocky  shoulder  of  a  hill,  and  commands  a  deep  gorge  overgrown  with  jungle.  Hidden  among  the  trees  are  the  remains  of  carved  temples  almost  covered  with  accumulations  of  vegetable  mould.   

#Judga - A  village  in  Sakti  State,  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  range  of  hills  separating  the  State  from  the  Korba  zamindari.  Formerly  it  was  the  seat  of  the  ruling  family.  Some  of  the  relatives  of  the  Chief  still  live  there.   

#Kanker - Headquarters  town  of  the  tahsil  and  State  of  the  same  name,  with  3906  inhabitants,  situated  on  a  small  stream  called   the   Dudh,    39  miles  by   road   from   Dhamtari station  on  the  Raipur-Dhamtari  branch  of  the  Bengal-  Niigpur  Railway.  The  Dhamtari-Jagdalpur  road  passes  through  the  town.  The  Chief's  palace,  court  and  office  building,  dispensary,  school,  police  office  with  Station-house,  and  a  combined  post  and  telegraph  office  are  the  chief  buildings. There  is  a  good  garden  called  the  Radha  Bilas  garden,  in  the  midst  of  which  a  fine  guest-house  with  out-houses  lias  been  constructed  recently.  A  weekly  bazar  (market)  is  held  here,  and  all  articles  in  daily  use  are  obtainable.   

#Kamarji - A  village  in  Chang  Bhakar  State,  held  by  the  chief  priest,  free  of  revenue,  situated  on  the  north-eastern  boundary  of  the  State.   

#Karanpali - A  small  zamindari  situated  close  to  the  hilly  portion  of  the  Saria  pargana  in  the  south  of  Sarangarh  State.  It  consist's  of  12  villages  covering  an  area  of  3645  acres.  The  zamindar,  a  Gond  by  caste,  has  the  same  rights  and  is  subject to  the  same liabilities  as  the  Dongarpali  zamindar.   

#Karra - A  village  in  the  Sambalpur  tahsil  (Ranker  State)  at  which  a  weekly  market  is  held.  The  forest  tribes  here  barter  articles  produced  in  the  forest  for  salt  and  rice.  

#Kawardha - The  headquarters  town  of  the  State,  the  area  and  population  of  which  are  3146  acres  and  4392  souls.  The  town  contains  a  courthouse,  hospital,  library, combined  post  and  telegraph  office,  jail  and  Anglo-vernacular  middle  school,  besides  a  girls'  school  and  a  school  for  low-caste  boys.  The  Chief's  palace  is  under  construction.  There  are  eight  important  tanks  and  three  Hindu  temples.  Kawardha was  once  the  chief  seat  of  the  Kabirpanthi  sect.  A  gainning  factory  has  recently  been  started  in  the  town  by  Messrs.  Shaw  Wallace  and  Co.  of  Calcutta.  Kawardha  is  growino-  in  importance  in  point  of  trade,  and  the  principal  articles  of  commerce  are  cotton,  wheat,  cloth,  rice  and  timber.  There  is  no  municipality  regularly  constituted,  but  a  town  committee  has  been  formed  to  perform  some  of  the  functions  of  the  municipality.   

#Keradih - The  headquarters  of  the  ilakadar of Keradih in  Jashpur  State,  who  is  a  Rautia  by  caste,  and  has  the  local  title  of  'Baraik.'  The  ilakadar  pays  an  annual  takoll  of  Rs.  376-4-0  to  the  State,  and  holds  his  estate  on  the  condition  of  loyalty  to  the  Chief.  The  estate  is  composed  of  22  villages.     

#Keribandha -   A  village  in  Sakti  State  on  the  Bengal-  Nagpur  Railway  line,  about  four  miles  from  the  Sakti  railway  station.  The  village  takes  its  name  from  an  old  bmidh,  said  to  have  been  constructed  by  a  Gond  gaontia,  named  Markande.  The  bandh\v3iS  a  very  big  one,  but  since  the  railway  line  was  constructed  through  it,  its  size  has  been  considerably  reduced.

#Khairagarh— The  headquarters  town  of  the  Khairagarh  State,  situated  at  a  distance  of  23  miles  by  gravelled  roads  from  the  railway  stations  of  Dongargarh  and  Raj-Nandgaon  on  the  Bengal-Nagpur  Railway.  The  area  and  population  of  the  town  are  165  acres  and  4656  souls  respectively.  Ac-  cording to  the  census  of  1901  there  were  about  4182  Hindus,  400  Muhammadans  and  a  few  Jains  and  Christians,  The  important  public  buildings  in  the  town  are  the  Raja's  palace,  Victoria  High  School,  dispensary,  court-house  and  jail.  The  town  has  also  a  Hindu  temple,  a  Muhammadan  mosque  and  a  market  named  after  the  late  Sir  John  Woodburn.  The  temple  erected  in  honour  of  Rukharswami  contains  the  ashes  of  the  Swami,  which  are  worshipped  at  the  Shivratri  festival.  A  municipality  has  been  constituted  since  1900  and  octroi  is  levied  on  cloth  and  spices  only.  The  expenditure  is  mainly  on  conservancy  and  octroi  establishments.  The  income  and  expenditure  of  the  municipality  in  1907  were  about  Rs,  1900  and  Rs.  i  jog  respectively.  Good  cotton  carpets  are  manu-  factured in  the  jail  factory,  and  brass  vessels  and  wooden  furniture  in  the  town.   

#Khamaria — A  village  in  the  Khairagarh  State  situated  at  a  distance  of  40  miles  from  the  Tilda  railway  station  on  the  Bengal-Nagpur  Railway.  The  population  of  the  town,  ac-  cording to  the  census  of  1901,  was  2000  soul?.  Khamaria  is  the  headquarters  of  the  tahsil  of  the  same  name  and  contains  a  primary  school  and  a  bazar.   

#Khandi  Hill — This  is  the  highest  hill  in  the  Kanker  State,  and  is  about  3  miles  long.  The  Khandi  river  has  forced  its  way  through  the  hill  and  divided  it  into  two  parts.  There  is  an  abundant  supply  of  fish  in  the  pools  here.   

#Khareawan  Zamindari  — A  zamindiiri  of  seventy-two  villages  in  the  south  of  the  Korea  State.  The  zamindar  is  a  Gond  of  old  family.  He  is  entitled  to  the  income  from  forest  of  the  estate,  but  two-thirds  of  the  grazing  dues  go  to  the  Chief.     An  annual  tribute  of  Rs.  772  is  paid  to  the  Chief.    #

#KHARGAWAN    VILLAGE — KHURSIA.  337   Khargawan  Village. — The  headquarters  village  of  a  zamindari  of  the  same  name  in  Korea  State,  enclosed  on  all  sides  by  bamboo  forests.  The  village  contains  a  police  Station-house  and  a  primary  school.   

#Khoba — A  large  village  in  the  Dongargaon  pargana  of  Nandgaon  State.  Here  a  battle  was  fought  between  the  Gond  Raja  who  had  rebelled  against  the  Bhonsla  king  of  Nagpur  and  the  Nandgaon  Chief.   

#Khuni — A  village  in  the  Rampur  ^appd,  Surguja  State,  and  one  of  the  regular  halting  places  of  the  numerous  caravans  or  dealers  in  grain  who  roam  through  this  iappa  and  the  plains  of  Ambikapur  bartering  salt  and  tobacco  for  grain  and  also  making  cash  purchases.   

#Khuria — A  plateau  and  ilakadan,  occupying  the  north-  western portion  of  the  Jashpur  State  and  lying  between  23°-o'  and  23°-i4'  N.  and  84°-3o'  and83-°44'  E.  It  consists  of  trap  rock  topped  with  volcanic  laterite,  overlying  the  granite  and  gneiss  which  form  the  surface  rocks  at  lower  elevations.  The  plateau  affords  excellent  pasturage  and  Ahirs  and  cowherds  from  Mirzapur  and  elsewhere  bring  in  large  herds  of  cattle  to  graze  here.  Many  such  Ahirs  have  settled  here  permanently.  The  plateau  is  peopled  chiefly  by  Paharia  Korwas.  The  ilCikaddr  is  a  Korwa  by  caste,  and  holds  the  local  title  of  Diwan.  He  was  formerly  calledthe  Majhi  of  Korwas.  But  he  claims  to  be  a  Baghel  Rajput  and  a  descendant  of  Khuria  Rani,  a  god  whose  temple  is  situated  on  an  almost  inaccessible  rock.  He  further  claims  to  have  come  from  Ratanpur  and  to  be  connected  with  the  Haihayavansi  Rajas  of  Ratanpur.  The  ildkaddr  lives  at  Sanna,  which  con-  tains a  school  and  a  police  outpost.  The  ilakadar  holds  79  villages  and  pays  an  annual  takoli  of  Rs.  562-8-0  to  the  State.   

#Khursia — A  large  village  in  Raigarh  State,  held^by  the  Chief  himself  and  situated  on  the  Bengal-Nagpur  Railway,  with  an  area  of  1358  acres  and  a  population  of  1196  persons.  The  chief  institutions  here  are  a  Government  post  and  telegraph  office,  a  police  station,  and  a  primary  school  and  a  dispensary.  There  is  a  railway  station  and  a  fairly  large  bazar.  A  road  is  under  construction  from  here  to  Dharamjaigarh,  the  capital  of  the  Udaipur  State,  distant  about  39  miles.  22    338  

#KHUSRI — KONTA  TAHSIL.   Khusri. — An  important  village  of  fair  size  in  the  Rampur  tappCi  of  Surguja  State.  From  this  place  the  extensive  rice-  bearing  plains  of  the  Rampur  iappa  and  of  the  other  tappCis  of  the  Surguja  State  commence.   

#Kilhari — A  village  in  Korea  State  lying  on  the  borders  of  the  Rewah  State  on  the  west.  The  village  contains  a  police  outpost,  primary  school  and  a  fine  tank  with  a  temple  on  its  bank.   

#Kokapar — A  village  in  Nandgaon  State,  nine  miles  from  Dongargaon,  towards  the  west.  The  village  is  an  important  trading  place.     A  large  weekly  market  is  held  here.   

#Kondagaon  Tahsil — The  north-eastern  tahsil  of  the  Bastar  State,  lying  between  i9°-i5'  and  2o°-io'N.  and  8o°-25'  and  82°-io'  E.  with  an  area  of  1931  square  miles  and  a  popula-  tion of  47,782  souls.  More  than  three-fourths  of  the  area  is  covered  with  forests.  The  principal  forest  tree  is  siil  (Shorea  robtista.)  The  tahsil  consists  of  534  villages,  of  which  8  are  uninhabited.  Thirty-five  villages  are  held  revenue-free  by  Lai  Kalandar  Singh,  uncle  of  the  present  Chief.  They  have  all  been  leased  out.  Kharlf  crops  are  chiefly  grown  here.  The  tahsil  has  two  police  Station-houses,  six  police  outposts  and  two  inspection  bungalows.  ^   

#Kondagaon  Village — The  present  headquarters  of  the  Kondagaon  tahsil  (Bastar  State)  with  a  population  of  1118  souls.  The  village  has  a  police  Station-house,  post  office  and  primary  school  and  stands  at  the  junction  of  the  roads  from  Dhamtari  and  Raj-Nandgaon.   

#Kondpali — A  large  village  in  Raigarh  State  having  an  area  of  1640  acres  and  a  population  of  683  persons.  The  lessee  and  tenants  who  chiefly  belong  to  the  Kolta  caste  are  skilful  agriculturists.  The  village  contains  a  primary  school.  ■  

#Konpara — A  village  in  Jashpur  State  near  the  Udaipur  border,  forming  part  of  the  private  estate  of  the  Feudatory  Chief.  It  contains  a  granary  and  a  police  station  and  is  a  gold-collecting  centre.  The  village  was  formerly  the  head-  quarters of  a  Gond  ildkaddr  but  his  estate  was  confiscated  on  account  of  his  disloyalty.   

#Konta  Tahsil — The  southern  tahsil  of  the    Bastar  State   lying  between  i7°-48'  and  i8°-57'  N.  and  8o°-47'  and  82°-2'  E.   with    an  area    and  population    of  968  square  miles  and  7736   cersons  respectively.    The  southern  and  western   parts  are    

#KONTA    VILLAGE — KUDUMKELA.  339   hilly.  Palm  trees  are  plentiful,  and  are  tapped  for  their  juice  which  is  food  and  drink  to  the  people.  The  Savari  is  the  chief  stream.  This  is  navigable  from  two  miles  above  Konta  to  its  junction  with  the  Godavari  at  Konavarum.  In  the  south  of  the  tahsil,  a  basin  is  formed  by  a  range  of  hills  enclosing  an  area  of  about  30  square  miles.  The  stream  which  drains  this  basin  might  be  dammed.  The  principal  inhabitants  are  Murias.  Rice  and  juari  are  the  chief  crops  grown  here.  The  Sukma,  Chintalnar  and  Kotapal  zamin-  daris  are  situated  in  this  tahsil.   

#Konta  Village — The  headquarters  of  the  Konta  tahsil,  Bastar  State,  with  a  police  Station-house,  primary  school,  dispensary  and  post  office.  A  number  of  Pathan  merchants  from  Kabul  have  settled  here.   

#Koreagarh — A  hill  in  Korea  State  on  which  the  remains  of  the  former  Kol  Chief's  fort  and  capital  are  still  visible,   Kotapalli  Zamindari. — The  estate  lies  in  Bastar  State  between  i8°-i2'and  i8°-26'N.  and  8i°-i5'and  8r-46' E.  with  an  area  of  228  square  miles  and  a  population  of  1080  souls.  A  long  chain  of  hills  traverses  it  from  north  to  south.  Juari  is  the  staple  food  here.  The  revenue  payable  to  the  State  is  Rs.  527.  The  zamindar  has  no  right  over  teak  trees.  The  estate  is  managed  by  the  mother  of  the  minor  zamindar.   

#Kotra — A  village  in  Raigarh  State  held  by  the  Chief  himself,  situated  about  four  miles  from  Raigarh  with  a  police  Station-house,  weekly  market,  primary  school,  outstill  and  a  large  irrigation  tank.   

#Kotri  River — A  river  which  rises  in  the  Panabaras  zamindari  of  the  Chanda  District,  flows  in  a  southerly  direc-  tion through  the  Sambalpur  tahsil  of-the  Kanker  State,  and  then  falls  into  the  Indravati  river  in  the  Bastar  State.  Its  tributary  is  the  Kandra  river  which  falls  into  it  near  Gudum-  para  in  the  Sambalpur  tahsil.   

#Kotwar — A  peak  in  Jashpur  State,  situated  about  9  miles  north-east  from  Sanna.  It  rises  to  a  height  of  3393  feet  above  sea-level,  and  is  the  source  of  the  Lawa  river.   

#Kudumkela — A  large  village  in  Raigarh  State,  situated  on  the  roadside  towards  Udaipur.  The  area  and  popula-  tion are  7342  acres  and  934  persons  respectively.  It  is  important  owing  to  its  lac  produce  and  contains  a  primary  school.    340  

#KULUIXSUR — LAILUNGA   Kuluinsur  or  Kuteshwar — (Lord  of  the  hill).  A  small  village  in  Bastar  State,  25  miles  from  Jagdalpur  to  the  south.  Some  caves  called  Guptour  or  Gupteshwar  (hidden  Lord)  are  found  here  containing-  stalactite  and  stalagmite  columns.  Some  of  these  stalagmite  formations  have  the  appearance  of  Siva,  and  are  therefore  worshipped  by  the  people.  The  entrance  of  these  caves  is  a  small  passage,  5  ft.  high  and  3  ft.  wide,  descended  by  means  of  two  ladders.  There  are  5  distinct  chambers  known  and  others  which  have  not  been  explored.  In  these  chambers  are  several  blind  wells — all  except  one  of  which  are  covered  by  a  shell  of  rock  which  when  struck  gives  out  a  hollow  sound.   

#Kurda — A  village  in  Sakti  State  situated  about  12  miles  from  Sakti  town  on  the  road  to  the  zamlndari  of  Champa.  A  weekly  market  is  held  here  at  which  forest  produce  is  extensively  sold.   

#Kurna — An  important  village  in  the  Kanker  tahsil  (Kanker  State),  about  9  miles  from  the  headquarters  town.  It  is  noted  for  its  yearly  fair  which  lasts  for  three  days.   

#Kuruspal — A  small  village  in  Bastar  State  near  the  Chitrakot  falls  in  the  Jagdalpur  tahsil.  Many  inscriptions  have  of  late  been  discovered  here  by  R.  B.  Panda  Baijnath.  Several  of  these  inscriptions  relate  to  the  time  of  Someshwar  Deo  of  the  Nagvansi  line  about  1097  A.  D.   

#Kutru  Zamindari — The  largest  zamlndari  in  the  Bastar  State,  lying  between  i8°-87'  and  i9''-28'  N.  and  8o°-25'  and  ST-is'  E.  with  an  area  of  1362  square  miles  and  a  population  of  11,676  souls.  The  Indravati  and  its  tributaries — the  Koki  and  Berudi — drain  this  tract.  The  north-eastern  portion  of  the  estate  is  hilly.  Elsewhere  there  are  considerable  areas  of  good  land  lying  uncultivated.  The  headquarters  of  the  estate  are  at  Kutru,  a  village  which  has  a  police  outpost,  primary  school  and  a  post  office.  The  zamindar  pays  Rs.  4600  takoll.  The  forests  contain  a  good  deal  of  teak.   

#Lailunga — A  zamindari  consisting  of  34  villages  situated  in  the  northern  boundany  of  the  Raigarh  State  towards  the  Udaipur  side,  and  twice  settled  summarily.  The  zamindar  pays  a  takoll  of  Rs.  599  to  the  State.  His  estate  takes  its  name  from  the  headquarters  village  Lailunga  which  contains  a  primary  school  and  a  police  outpost  and  has  a  weekly   market.    

#LAKHANPUR — LODAM.  34 1   «   Lakhanpur. — The  headquarters  village  of  the  Rampur  tappd  of  Surguja  State,  containing  a  school,  post  office,  and  police  Station-house.  The  place  is  an  important  one,  and,  next  to  Ambikapur,  the  largest  village  in  this  State.  It  contains  some  substantial  houses  and  the  khorposhdar' s  residence is  a  very  good  building.  In  the  bazar  are  the  godowns  and  depots  of  several  grain  merchants  and  the  ordinary  necessities  of  life  are  readily  obtainable,  including  cloth  and  kerosine  oil.  The  khorposhddr  has  encouraged  trade  by  building  two  rest-houses  for  travelling  traders  moving  through  this  tappd.  There  is  a  small  colony  of  Muhammadans  at  this  place,  but  these  men  are  of  no  importance  here  and  are  mostly  servants  of  the  zamindar.  There  are  two  good  tanks  and  an  excellent  well,  water  being  found  very  near  the  surface.   

#Laosara — One  of  the  largest  villages  in  Sakti  State,  situated  on  the  boundary  of  the  State  towards  the  south-west.  It  contains  a  school.  Since  1896  it  has  lost  a  portion  of  its  area  which  now  forms  a  separate  independent  village.   

#Lawa  River — A  stream  in  the  Uparghat  of  Jashpur  State,  rising  in  the  Kotwar  peak  in  Khuria  and  flowing  in  an  easterly  direction  through  the  State  till  it  falls  into  the  Sankh  near  Barwe  in  Ranchi.   

#Lerua — The  headquarters  village  of  the  Rajpur  tappd  of  Surguja  State.  There  is  a  police  Station-house  here.  This  village  was  formerly  the  residence  of  the  old  Lerua  zamindar,  whose  estate  has  now  lapsed  to  the  Chief.  There  are  many  remains  here  of  old  temples  of  Kali  and  some  fine  tanks.  In  the  fields  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Station-house  are  seen  scattered  about  several  fine  blocks  of  stone  with  broken  images  carved  on  them.  These  remains  apparently  belong  to  a  period  anterior  to  the  family  of  the  present  Chief.  There  is  a  meld  held  annually  in  February  at  this  place.  During  the  fair,  shopkeepers  of  the  pedlar  class,  who  wander  through  the  State  during  the  cold  weather  months  up  to  Baisakh,  come  in.  Cloth,  fancy  raiment,  brass  anklets  and  bracelets,  salt,  tobacco  and  a  variety  of  miscellaneous  German-made  goods;  pots  and  pans  and  gtir  can  be  had  at  that  time.   

#Lodam — Otherwise  known  as  Garh  Lodam  is  an  im-  portant village  in  Jashpur  State,  situated  about  three  miles  west  of  the  Ranchi  border  and  about  16  miles  east  of  Jashpur-    342  

#LOHATTAR — MADDER.   nagar.  The  village  is  connected  by  a  good  road  with  the  capital.  There  are  signs  that  there  was  once  a  garh  or  residence  of  a  Chief  here,  but  no  one  can  say  to  what  dynasty  the  Chief  belonged.  A  weekly  market  is  held  where  a  brisk  trade  in  cattle  and  grain  is  carried  on  by  traders  who  mostly  come  from  Ranchi.  Three  miles  east  flows  the  Sankh,  a  tributary  of  the  Brahmani  river,  which  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal.   

#Lohattar — The  headquarters  village  of  the  pargana  of  that  name  in  the  Sambalpur  tahsil  (Ranker  State).  Once  a  flourishing  village,  it  is  now  depressed  owing  to  its  unhealthy  climate.   

#Lot  Nullah — A  nullah  which  rises  in  the  Phuljhari  zamlndar  and  runs  parallel  to  the  range  of  hills  traversing  the  Sarangarh  State  across  the  centre  from  south  to  north,  and  falls  into  the  Mahanadi  in  the  Chandarpur  zamindari.  On  the  right  bank  of  the  Lot  nullah  at  Saler,  about  7  miles  from  the  town  of  Sarangarh,  stands  the  tomb  of  Alexander  Elliot.  It  is  repaired  every  year  at  the  cost  of-  the  British  Government  and  bears  the  following  inscription  : —   *  To  the  memory  of  Alexander  Elliot,  Esquire,  who  having   *  been  selected  at  a  very  early  period  of  life  for  the  execution  '  of  an  important  commission  at  the  Court  of  Nagpur,  died  of  '  a  fever  at  this  place  on  the  12th  of  September  1778,  aged  '  28  years  ;  this  monument  which  covers  his  remains  was  '  erected,  in  testimony  of  his  virtues,  and   of  the  loss   which   *  his  State  has  sustained  in  his  death. — By  order  of  the  '  Governor-General  of  Bengal.'   

#Lowakera — An  important  village  in  Jashpur  State  on  the  Gangpur  border  with  a  weekly  market.  Lowakera  is  the  jagir  of  a  Khandait  Bhuiya  who  holds  the  main  village  with  several  tolas  on  service  tenure  with  the  local  title  of  Dand-  sena,  showing  that  the  jagir  was  granted  for  military  service,  probably  the  defence  of  the  Gangpur  border.  Now  his  service  is  confined  to  dancing  before  the  goddess  Bhagwati  during  the  Dasahra  festji>^al.   

#Madder — An  important  village  in  the  Bhopalpatnam  zamindari  (Bastar  State),  situated  12  miles  from  the  head-  quarters of  the  estate,  with  a  population  of  812  souls.  The  village  has  a  police  outpost,  post  office  and  a  vernacular  middle  school.    

#MAHANADI   RIVER — MILUPARA.  343   Mahanadi  River. — The  most  important  river  in  the  Sarangarh,  Ranker  and  Raigarh  States.  The  Hatkul  and  Turi  rivers  are  its  chief  tributaries  in  the  Ranker  State  and  meet  it  at  Chikatola  and  Sarangpal  respectively.   Maharajpur. — A  fairly  large  village,  six  miles  from  the  headquarters  town  of  Ravvardha  on  the  road  to  Lohara.  The  area  and  population  of  the  village  are  2000  acres  and  500  persons  respectively.  The  village  contains  a  primary  school  and  cattle  pound.     A  weekly  bazar  is  held  here.   

#Mailan — A  hill  in  the  Surguja  State,  situated  in  23"'-3i'  N.  and  83°-37'  E.  and  rising  to  a  height  of  4024  feet  above  the  sea-level.   

#Mainpat — A  magnificent  tableland  in  the  Surguja  State,  18  miles  long  and  6  to  8  miles  broad,  lying  between  22°-46'  and  22°-54'  N.  and  83°-8'  and  83°-24'  E.  It  rises  to  a  height  of  3781  feet  above  the  sea-level  and  forms  the  southern  barrier  of  the  State.  From  the  southern  face  of  the  plateau,  which  is  mainly  composed  of  gneiss  and  iron-stone,  long  spurs  strike  into  the  plains  of  Udaipur,  while  the  northern  side  is  a  massive  wall  of  sandstone,  indented  like  a  coast  line,  with  isolated  bluffs  standing  up  in  front  of  the  cliffs,  from  which  they  have  been  parted.  The  plateau  is  well  watered  throughout,  and  affords  during  the  summer  months  abundant  grazing  for  the  cattle  of  Mirzapur  and  Behar.   

#Mand  River - The  chief  river  in  the  Udaipur  State,  which  rises  in  the  Jashpur  State,  and  takes  its  course  in  a  south-westerly  direction  forming  the  boundary  of  the  southern-  most portion  of  the  State,  and  then  flowing  into  the  Raigarh  State.   

#Masania  Kalan — A  village  in  Sakti  State  lying  to  the  north-east  of  Sakti  town  at  a  distance  of  six  miles.  The  name  of  the  village  originated  from  the  hill  called  Masania.  Bears  and  other  game  are  found  in  the  forests  bounding  three  sides  of  the  village.   Mazumgarh  Hill.— This  is  a  very  high  hill  situated  in  the  south-east  of  the  Ranker  State.  The  stone  walls  of  an  old  fort  and  a  tank  are  found  on  thi  top  of  the  hill.   

#Milupara — A  small  revenue-free  village  in  Raigarh  State,  situated  on  the  river  Relo,  and  dedicated  to  the  local  deity  called  Murgapat,  one  of  the  principal  deities  of  the  Chief.    344  

#MOHARA — N'ARAIXPAL.   Mohara. — A  small  village  in  Nandgaon  State,  three  miles  from  the  headquarters  town  (Raj-Nandgaon),  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  Seonath  river.  The  village  contains  the  water-works  pumping  station,  close  to  which  there  is  a  Siva  temple  where  a  big  fair  is  held  annually.   

#Mohgaon — A  village  in  Nandgaon  State  on  the  bank  of  the  Surhi  river.  The  village  is  called  Raja  Mohgaon  in  commemoration  of  Raja  Nizam  Shah  of  Mandla,  and  contains  a  temple.   

#Mohgaon  Pargana — The  village  contains  a  police  Station-house  and  a  primary  school.  A  large  weekly  market  is  held  there.     The  residents  are  mostly  Kunbis.   

#Mudpar — A  village  in  the  Kanker  State,  situated  on  the  Mahanadi  river,  twelve  miles  east  of  Kanker  town.  There  are  many  antique  images  lying  scattered  about  here  and  there.   

#Mugdega — A  zamindari  in  Raigarh  State  consisting  of  i6  villages,  situated  on  the  northern  border  of  the  State  ad-  joining Jashpur  territory.  The  area  and  population  are  563  acres  and  1735  persons  respectively.  The  zamindar  is  a  Gond  by  caste  and  has  to  pay  a  takoli  of  Rs.  141  to  the  State.   

#Muripar — A  village  in  Nandgaon  State  which  gives  its  name  to  a  railway  station  on  the  Bengal-Nagpur  Railway.  It  contains  a  stone  quarry  and  a  police  outpost.   

#Murergarh — The  highest  peak  in  the  Chang  Bhakar  State,  3027  feet  above  sea-level.   

#Marua  Hill — Situated  in  Jashpur  State  about  16  miles  north-east  of  Jashpurnagar.  The  hill  abounds  in  various  kinds  of  game,  including  tiger,  and  is  one  of  the  principal  hunting  grounds  of  the  Chief.   

#Nagar — At  one  time  the  capital  of  the  Korea  State.  Re-  mains of  the  old  residences  of  the  Chief  are  still  to  be  seen.  It  contains  fine  black  soil.  No  ruling  Chauhan  Chief  is  allowed  to  drink  water  in  this  village  owing  to  some  super-  stitious belief.   

#Narainpal — A  mitdfi  village  in  Bastar  State  on  the  river  Indravati,  23  miles  from  Jagdalpur  to  the  west.  The  village  contains  a  temple  of  Vishnu.  A  Sanskrit  inscription  in  the  Devanagri  character  states  that  this  temple  was  constructed  by  the  widow  of  Dharavarsha  Deo,  grandfather  of  Bir  Kanhar  Deo    

#NARAINPUR — PANDRAPAT.  345   Narainpur. — An  important  village  in  the  Hetghat  tappa  of  Jashpur  State,  about  sixteen  miles  south-west  of  Jashpur-  nagar.  A  fair  is  held  here  in  Magh  every  year  and  the  village  has  a  weekly  market,  a  school  and  a  police  outpost.  Sujan  Rai,  the  founder  of  the  State,  resided  on  a  hill  close  by,  where  he  is  still  worshipped  as  the  Raj  Deo  by  each  Raja  of  Jashpur  on  or  after  his  succession.   

#Narayanpur — An  important  village  in  the  Antagarh  tahsil  (Bastar  State),  30  miles  from  Antagarh  to  the  south,  with  a  population  of  1429  souls.  The  village  has  a  post  office,  police  outpost,  a  primary  school  and  a  fine  tank,  and  is  the  chief  market  of  the  Mar  country.   

#Nawagaon — A  village  in  Kawardha  State,  six  miles  from  Kawardha,  with  an  area  and  population  of  1600  acres  arjd  700  souls,  respectively.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  State  during  the  time  of  Thakur  Rajpal  Singh  and  the  remains  of  the  Chief's  palace  are  still  to  be  seen.  The  village  now  contains  a  forest  post.   

#Padigaon — A  village  in  Raigarh  State  held  by  the  Chief  himself,  situated  on  the  Mahanadi  towards  the  Sarangarh  State,  with  an  area  of  2762  acres  and  a  population  of  1508  persons.  The  weekly  market  held  here  is  the  most  important  of  all  the  markets  held  in  the  State.  Rice  is  extensively  sold  here.  The  Chief  has  recently  constructed  a  granary  here  to  hold  about  20,000  maunds  ^of  rice.  The  tenants  are  mostly  Koltas.   

#Paharbula — A  fair-sized  village  in  the  Srinagar  tappet  of  Surguja  State.  Here  the  khorposhddr  of  Srinagar  (the  Chief  of  Udaipur)  used  to  reside  from  time  to  time.  The  remains  of  the  old  house  are  still  visible.   

#Pandadah — A  village  in  Nandgaon  State  lying  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Jharjhar.'ighat,  a  tributary  of  the  Amner,  twenty-five  miles  from  Raj-Nandgaon.  The  village  contains  a  temple  of  Jagannath  (where  an  annual  fair  is  held),  a  primary  school,  and  a  police  outpost.   

#Pandrapat — A  plateau  in  Khuria  (Jashpur  State),  situated  about  29  miles  west  of  Jashpurnagar.  This  is  the  highest  plateau  in  the  State.  ^The  climate  is  very  cool  and  pleasant  in  winter,  and  even  in  the  summer  months  the  heat  is  not  at  all  oppressive.  There  is  a  police  station  on  the  plateau.    346         

#PARALKOT  ZAMINDARI — PHARASBAHAR,   Paralkot  Zamindari. — The  northernmost  zamindari  of  the  Bastar  State,  lying  between  i9°-38'  and  2o'-z'  N.  and  8o°-27'  and  8i°-io'  E.,  with  an  area  of  640  square  miles  and  a  population  of  5920  souls.  The  estate  is  very  hilly  and  once  had  valuable  forests,  but  nearly  all  the  timber  (teak)  has  now-  been  extracted.  The  zamindar  being  a  minor,  the  estate  is  under  the  management  of  the  State.  Out  of  the  total  number  of  165  villages,  98  are  uninhabited.  The  head-  quarters are  at  Paralkot,  a  village  which  has  a  population  of  224  souls,  and  is  connected  with  Narayanpur  by  a  fair  weather  cart  road.     The  zamindar  pays  Rs.  836  revenue.   

#Pathalgaon — A  fair-sized  village  in  Udaipur  State  con-  taining a  school.     A  weekly  bazar  is  held  here.   

#Patna  Zamindari — A  zamindari  of  42  villages  in  Korea  State  on  the  Surguja  border.  The  zamindar  is  a  minor,  and  the  estate  is  indebted.  The  Chief  has  consequently  taken  over  the  management.   

#Patna  Village — The  headquarters  village  of  the  zamin-  dari of  the  same  name  in  Korea  State.  The  village  contains  a  primary  school  and  a  police  Station-house.   

#Partabpur — The  headquarters  village  of  the  Partabpur  tappci  of  Surguja  State,  containing  the  court  of  a  Naib-tahsil-  dar,  a  police  Station-house  and  a  school.  Here  also  is  the  residence  of  the  First  Assistant  Superintendent  of  the  Udaipur  State,  who  looks  after  the  Partabpur  and  Srina-  gar  tappas,  which  are  the  khorposhddri  properties  of  the  Udaipur  Chief.  The  family  residence  at  Partabpur  is  a  large  building,  and  was  formerly  occupied  by  Raja  Bindesh-  wari  Prasad  Singh  Deo,  when  he  acted  as  manager  of  Surguja.  Here  are  situated  the  old  jail  and  court-house.  There  is  a  bazar  in  which  some  Kabulis  live,  who  deal  in  grain,  salt,  cloth  and  hides.   

#Phaguram — A  large  village  in  Raigarh  State,  situated  on  the  roadside  towards  the  Udaipur  State,  with  a  popula-  tion of  820  persons.  Lac  and  mahua  are  the  chief  products.  The  Kurkut  river  drains  the  village.   

#Pharasbahar — The  headquarters  of  the  iidkadCir  of  Pha-  rasbahar  in  Jashpur  State.  The  present  ildkadCir  is  a  minor  and  his  estate  is  managed  by  the  Chief.  The  ilCikadCirxs  a  Jhora  Gond  by  caste  and  pays  an  annual  takoll  of  Rs.  1 16-4-0  to  the  State.     The  estate  is  composed  of  eight  villages.    

#PHUTKEL   ZAMINDARI — RAIGARH.  347   Phutkel Zamindari. — The  estate  lies  in  Bastar  State  between  18° -2^'  and  i8°-36'  N.  and  80" -4^'  and  8i°-2'  E.,  and  is  under  the  management  of  the  State,  owing  to  the  minority  of  the  zamindar.  Its  area  and  population  are  155  square  miles  and  1566  persons,  respectively.  The  estate  consists  of  22  villages,  of  which  two  are  uninhabited.  The  land  revenue  payable  for  1908  is  Rs.  824-6-6  inclusive  of  ^Ika.   

#Piparia — The  richest  village  in  the  Kawardha  State,  held  by  a  Marwari  lessee  who  resides  at  Raipur.  Its  area  and  population  are  1150  acres  and  1400  persons,  re-  spectively. The  village  contains  a  primary  school,  police  outpost  and  cattle-pound,  and  a  bazar  is  held  there  twice  a  week.  There  are  several  cloth-dyers  who  dye  cloths  for  quilts.   

#Pondi — A  village  in  Kawardha  State,  situated  on  the  road  to  Pandaria  at  a  distance  of  eight  miles  from  Kawardha  town.  The  area  and  population  of  the  village  are  500  acres  and  453  souls,  respectively.  Most  of  the  residents  are  Turkaris.  The  weekly  market  held  there  is  the  largest  in  the  State  and  is  important  especially  for  the  sale  of  cattle,  which  are  brought  from  the  Damoh   and  Saugor  Districts.   

#Pouri  Hill — A  hill  in  Jashpur  State,  situated  about  12  miles  north-west  of  Jashpurnagar.  Like  Marua,  this  is  one  of  the  Chief's  hunting  grounds.   

#Pusaur — One  of  the  largest  villages  in  the  Raigarh  State,  situated  on  the  roadside  towards  Padigaon  on  the  Mahanadi.  The  area  and  population  are  1933  acres  and  1567  persons,  respectively,  and  there  are  a  police  outpost,  a  pri-  mary school,  a  temple  of  Jagannath  and  many  irrigation  tanks.  The  manufacture  of  bell-metal  utensils  is  largely  carried  on,  the  produce  being  sold  in  the  local  market  held  every  week.   

#Raigarh — The  headquarters  town  of  the  Raigarh  State  situated  on  the  Bengal-Nagpur  Railway.  It  had  a  population  of  6780  souls  in  1 90 1.  The  town  besides  the  Raja's  palaces  contains  suitable  public  buildings,  such  as  a  court-house,  jail,  High  School,  primary  schools  for  boys  and  girls,  market  and  dispensary,  with  a  Government  post  and  telegraph  office,  and  is  well  provided  wirh  roads.  A  municipality  is  established  here.  The  climate  of  the  town  is  on  the  whole    fair.      Raigarh    gives   its    name    to    the    surrounding    348  

#RAIKERA    ZAMINDARI — RAMGARH    HILL.   pargana  which  corfiprises  199  villages  and  has  an  area  and  population  of  q9,852  acres  and  58,458  persons  respectively.   Raikera  Zamindari. — A  zamindari  in  Raigarh  State  con-  sisting of  21  villages,  the  area  and  population  of  which  are  986  acres  and  3306  persons  respectively.  The  zamindar  is  a  Gond  by  caste,  and  pays  a  takoll  of  Rs.  280  to  the  State.   Raikera  Village. — A  village  in  the  Hetghat  (Jashpur  State),  about  ten  miles  south  of  Jashpurnagar,  forming  part  of  the  Chief's  private  estate,  containing  a  school  and  a  granary.   

#Rainkhol — A  village  in  Sakti  State,  situated  on  the  top  of  the  hills  towards  the  north.  The  inhabitants  are  Dhanwars  and  Majhis,  whose  chief  occupation  is  bamboo-work.  The  village  has  a  kuiid  called  Hathani  Dahra  to  which,  according  to  the  tradition,  elephants  used  to  repair  to  drink.  Hari  and  Gujar  are  said  to  have  caught  an  elephant  here  which  was  offered  to  the  Sambalpur  Raja  on  the  occasion  of  the  wedding  of  his  daughter.   

#Rajadhar — A  village  in  Kawardha  State,  situated  on  the  border  of  the  Mandla  District,  33  miles  from  the  headquarters  town,  so  named  because  at  one  time  one  of  the  Rajas,  while  on  his  way  to  Mandla,  halted  at  the  place.  The  inhabitants  of  the  village  are  all  Baigas  who  carry  on  bewar  cultivation.   

#Raj-Nandgaon — The  headquarters  town  of  the  Nand-  gaon  State,  \vith  a  population  of  11,000  persons,  about  half  a  mile  from  the  railway  station  of  the  same  name  on  the  Bengal-Nagpur  Railway.  The  town  contains  many  public  buildings,  the  most  important  of  which  are  the  court-  house, guest-house,  hospital  and  dak  bungalow.  The  Raja's  palace  covers  an  area  of  five  acres.  There  are  two  beautiful  gardens.  Rani  Bag  and  Baldeo  Bag.  The  water-  supply  of  the  town  is  pumped  from  the  Seonath  river  from  a  distance  of  2^  miles.  The  water-works  were  constructed  in  1894,  at  a  cost  of  i^  lakhs  of  rupees.  Raj-Nandgaon  also  contains  the  Bengal-Nagpur  Spinning  and  Weaving  Mills,  a  cotton-ginning  factory,  a  High  School,  four  primary  schools,  several  temples  and  mosques  and  Siganjov  mart.  The  town  is  an  important  commercial  centre.   Ramgarh  Hill. — A  hill  in  Surguja  of  much  archaeological  interest.  Mr.  L.  E.  B.  Cobden-Ramsay,  I.  C.  S.,  visited  it  in  1905  and  has   given  a  graphic  account  which   is   quoted   in    RAMKOLA — SAKARRA.  349   exteiiso  under  Archeology  of  Surguja  in  paragraph  427  of  this  Gazetteer.   Ramkola. — The  chief  village  of  the  Ramkola  tappa  of  Surguja  State,  containing  a  school,  a  police  Station-house  and  the  residence  of  the  ildkadCir.   

#Ranijhuia — The  highest  peak  (3527  feet)  in  Jashpur  State,  situated  in  23^-0'  N.  and  83°-36'  E.  It  is  the  source  of  the  river  lb  which  rises  from  a  perennial  spring  in  mauza  Kawai  close  to  this  hill.   

#Raveli — A  village  in  Kawardha  State,  ten  miles  from  Kawardha  town,  situated  on  the  bank  of  the  Phonk  river  on  the  border  of  the  Bilaspur  District.  Its  area  and  population  are  430  acres  and  800  souls,  respectively.  The  village  is  mostly  inhabited  by  Telis,  contains  a  primary  school,  and  is  held  by  a  relation  of  the  ruling  family  of  the  State.   

#Rengakhar  Zamindari — A  zamindari  in  Kawardha  State,  situated  in  the  extreme  south-west  of  the  State  and  is  owned  by  a  Gond  family.  The  tract  is  covered  with  hills  and  forests.  The  chief  crop  grown  here  is  kodon,  but  in  some  villages  bordering  on  the  Balaghat  District  rice  is  grown.  The  tract  is  watered  by  three  rivers,  the  Halon,  the  Jamunia  and  the  Banjar,  and  contains  valuable  sCil  forest  worked  by  the  Bengal  Timber  Trading  Company.  The  forests  belong  to  the  State  apd  not  to  the  zamindar.  Iron  and  red  ochre  are  found  in  the  estate,  and  gold  to  a  small  extent  in  the  Banjar  river.  At  a  place  called  Daria  the  remains  of  an  ancient  fort  are  to  be  seen.  The  headquarters  of  the  zamindar  are  at  Rengakhar  village  where  an  important  market  is  held.   

#Rer  River — A  river  which  rises  on  the  southernmost  border  of  the  Surguja  State  and  flows  due  north.  Its  chief  tributary  is  the  Mahan  river  which  rises  inthe  Khuria  plateau  of  the  Jashpur  State.   

#Saja — The  first  village  in  the  Nandgaon  State  in  point  of  population,  situated  in  the  centre  of  the  Mohgaon  pargana.  The  village  contains  a  police  Station-house  and  a  primary  school.  A  large  weekly  market  is  held  there.  The  residents  are  mostly  Kunbls.   

#Sakarra — A  village  in  Sakti  State,  situated  on  the  south-  ern border  of  the  State.     Hari  and  Gujar  are   said    to  have    350  SAKTI — SARANGARH.   lived  here  too.  The  village  has  a  primary  school  for  boys,  and  a  girls'  school.  The  chief  caste  inhabiting  the  village  is  the  Chandnahu.   

#Sakti — The  headquarters  town  of  the  Sakti  State,  situated  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  railway  station  of  the  same  name  on  the  Bengal-Nagpur  Railway,  with  an  area  and  population  of  1294  acres  and  1690  persons,  respec-  tively. The  village  contains  the  tombs  of  Hari  and  Gujar,  where  a  goat  is  sacrificed  every  year  by  the  Chief  in  honour  of  the  dead.  A  large  cattle  market  is  held  here  every  Wednesday.  The  town  has  a  jail,  court-house,  dak  bunga-  low, police  Station-house  and  post  office.  There  are  a  number  of  tanks  for  the  purpose  of  irrigation.  A  sarai  is  under  construction.  Recently  two  temples  have  been  built  to  Siva  and  Rama.   

#Sambalpur — The  headquarters  village  of  the  tahsil  of  the  same  name  in  Ranker  State,  containing  a  court-house.  Station-house,  school  and  dispensary.  A  weekly  bazar  is  held  here  at  which  all  sorts  of  articles  in  daily  use  can  be  obtain-  ed. The  Raj-Nandgaon-Antagarh  road  passes  about  three  miles  to  the  east  of  the  village  and  is  connected  with  it  by  a  fair-weather  track.  Sambalpur  is  about  40  miles  from  the  headquarters  town  of  Kanker,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  fair-weather  track.   

#Sandi — A  village  in  the  north  of  the  Chhuikhadan  State  towards  the  Gandai  zamlndari,  with  an  area  and  population  of  1777  acres  and  737  persons,  respectively.  The  village  contains  black  soil  and  the  tenants  are  wealthy.   

#Sankra — A  small  but  important  village  in  the  detached  block  of  Sarangarh  State,  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  Mahanadi  towards  the  north-east.  It  has  a  population  of  1283  persons  according  to  census  of  1901.  The  inhabitants  are  all  Uriyas..  It  contains  an  Uriya  boys'  school.  Rice  is  the  chief  crop  grown  here.   

#Sanna — ^The  headquarters  of  the  iUikaddr  of  Khuria  (Jashpur  State).  The  village  contains  a  school,  a  police  outpost  and  a  beautiful  sal  grove  known  as  sarna.  The  ilakaddr  ^'x'Ctx'Sx'xs  numerous  wives  and  relations  lives  at  a  place  called  Bohora  close  by.   

#Sarangarh — The  headquarters  town  of  Sarangarh  State,  situated    in    2i°-35'  N.  and  83'-5'  E.,    32  miles  by  road  from    SARANGPAL— SHEOPUR.  35  I   the  nearest  railway  station,  Raigarh,  on  the  Bengal-Nagpur  Railway.  Population  (1901)  5227.  The  road  to  Raigarh  crosses  two  intervening  rivers  (the  Mand  and  Mahanadi)  and  a  nullah  which  is  in  the  Chandarpur  zamindari  of  the  Bilaspur  District.  In  the  rainy  season  these  streams  have  to  be  crossed  by  ferries,  but  in  winter  they  become  fordable.  Close  to  the  town  there  is  a  large  tank  called  Mura,  which  is  utilized  for  the  purpose  of  irrigation.  On  one  of  its  banks,  a  weekly  market  is  held  every  Sunday.  Within  the  town  itself  there  is  also  a  big  tank  known  as  Kheraband,  with  a  row  of  temples  on  its  northern  bank.  The  oldest  temple  is  that  of  Samleshwari  Devi,  which  was  built  about  two  centuries  ago  by  a  former  Diwan  of  the  State.  It  stands  close  to  the  Raja's  palace.  The  town  contains  the  residence  of  the  Chief,  a  middle  vernacular  school,  a  girls'  school,  a  dispensary,  a  jail,  a  sarai  and  a  dak  bungalow.  About  two  miles  from  the  town  there  is  a  quarry  of  building  stone  of  dark-blue  colour.  Good  slabs  are  obtained  from  it  and  used  for  flooring  purposes.   

#Sarangpal — A  village  of  the  Ranker  tahsil  (Kanker  State),  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  Mahanadi  river.  On  eclipse  days  and  other  Hindu  festivals,  the  people  go  to  this  village  to  bathe  in  the  Mahanadi  river.   Saria. — The  most  important  village  situated  in  the  Saria  pargana  of  Sarangarh  State,  with  a  population  of  1421  persons  according  to  the  census  of  1901.  It  is  inhabited  mostly  by  Uriyas.      It    contains    an    Uriya   boys'    school,    a   girls'  school,  and  a  poHce  Station-house.     Kice  is    the    chief   crop  grown  here.   

#Sarona — A  village  of  the    Kanker    tahsil  (Kanker  State)   noted    for    its    weekly    market  to   which    forest  produce   is   brought  for  sale  by  the  villagers  living  in  the  forest  tracts.  Selegaon.— A  village  of  the    Sambalpur    tahsil    (Kanker   State)  noted  for  its  weekly  market,  where  iron  ore  and  other   commercial  articles  are  extensively  sold.   

#Semra — A  large  and  prosperous  village  in  the  Partabpur   tappci  of  Surguja  State.   Sheopur.— A  village  in  the    Partabpur   lappa    of   Surguja   State,  where  temples  and  tanks  have  been  built  by  the  Rani  of   the  late  Raja  Dharamjit  Singh  Deo  of  Udaipur  and  some  fine   mango  groves  planted.    352  SIN'GHARA — SUKMA    ZAMINDARI.   

#Singhara — A  village  in  Raig-arh  State,  held  by  the  Chief  himself,  situated  about  lo  miles  to  the  south  of  Khursia,  with  a  population  of  1096  persons.  There  are  a  number  of  irrigation  tanks  here,  together  with  a  primary  school,  a  police  outpost,  an  outstill  and  a  granary.   

#Siri  River — A  tributary  of  the  lb  river  (Jashpur  State),  rising  in  the  east  and  flowing  from  east  to  west  through  the  Dhonga  Amba  forest  till  it  joins  the  lb,  a  little  west  of  Kunjara.  The  scenery  of  this  forest  stream  is  lovely,  es-  pecially in  the  rainy  season  when  the  branches  of  the  over-  hanging trees  almost  touch  the  water.   

#Somni — A  village  in  Nandgaon  State,  seven  miles  from  Raj-Nandgaon  town,  towards  the  east.  The  village  contains  a  primary  school  and  two  irrigation  tanks.  The  village  is  sometimes  called  Mahantpur  in  honour  of  Mahant  Ram  Das,  the  first  Nandgaon  Chief,  who  originally  settled  in  this  village.     A  weekly  market  is  held  there.   Sonhat. — The  old  capital  of  the  Korea  State  lying  under  the  lee  of  the  hill-range  which  separates  the  high  plateau  of  this  State  from  the  low  lands  which  stretch  away  to  the  plains  of  Srinagar  in  Surguja.  A  small  bazar  is  held  here,  and  the  dowager  Rani  resides  in  the  village.   

#Sonpur — A  fair-sized  village  in  Udaipur  State,  about  i8  miles  from  Dharamjaigarh  on  the  road  to  Ambikapur,  con-  taining a  police  outpost  and  a  State  granary.   Srinagar. — The  headquarters  village  of  the  Srinagar  lappa  of  Surguja  State.  There  is  a  granary  here  belonging  to  the  Udaipur  Chief,  who  is  the  khorposhddr.   

#Sukma  Zamindari — The  south-eastern  zamlndari  of  the  Bastar  State,  lying  between  iS°-i2'  and  i9''-45'  N.  and  8i°-3o'  and  82°-2'  E.  with  an  area  of  648  square  miles  and  population  of  24,844  souls.  The  estate  consists  of  128  villages,  of  which  nine  are  uninhabited.  The  land  is  fairly  level,  and  though  sandy,  is  suitable  for  rice,  which  is  the  staple  food  of  this  part  of  the  country.  Towards  the  south  juari  is  grown.  About  three-fourths  of  the  area  is  covered  with  forests.  The  zamln-  dar  is  a  minor  and  the  zamindari,  therefore,  is  under  the  management  of  the  State.  The  chief  inhabitants  are  Murias  and  Parjas.  The  land-revenue  demand  payable  to  the.  State  is  Rs.  9084-8-0.  No  settlement  has  ever  been  made.  The  headquarters   are    at    Sukma,    a  village    on  the  Kolal  river..    SULOM   -TIRA  IHGARII.  353   sixty  miles  from  Jagdalpur  to  the  south,  with  a  population  of  1279  souls.  The  village  has  a  primary  school,  post  office  and  a  police  Station-house.   

#Suloni — An  important  village  in  the  south  of  Sakti  State.  It  is  frequently  visited  by  Kabirpanthi  stidhus.  Rice  is  the  chief  crop  grown  here.   

#Sur — IK  village  in  Udaipur  State,  about  30  miles  to  I  he  north  of  Dharamjaigarh,  forming  the  estate  of  a  zamindar.   

#Surangadeha — A  small  village  of  the  Sambalpur  tahsil  (Kanker  Slate),  situated  on  the  Khandi  river,  and  famous  for  the  fishing  to  be  obtained  in  the  pools  of  the  stream.   

#Tamnar — A  pargana  of  Raigarh  State,  consisting  of  i8g  villages  situated  to  the  north  of  Raigarh  and  named  after  the  principal  village  in  the  tract.  The  area  and  population  are  105,137  acres  and  46,569  souls,  respectively,  and  the  country  is  mostly  hilly.  There  are  five  primary  schools,  on^  police  Station-house  and  two  outposts  in  this  tract.   

#Tamta — An  important  village  in  Udaipur  State, containing  .1  school  and  a  police  outpost.   

#Tapkara — A  big  village  in  the  Hetghat  (Jashpur  State),  situated  on  the  Lowakhera-Jashpur  road,  about  nine  miles  north  of  Lovvakherii.  Tapkara  is  part  of  the  private  estate  of  the  Raja  and  is  one  of  the  gold  collecting  centres.  A  large  granary  is  situated  here.   

#Tarapur — A  zamindari  in  Raigarh  State,  consisting  of  37  villages  and  named  after  the  headquarters  village  situated  on  the  river  Mand.  Its  area  and  population  are  9694  acres  and  9498  persons,  respectivel}-.  The  zamindar  has  to  pay  a  takoll  of  Rs,  100  to  the  State,  and  cesses  amounting  to  Rs.  634.  The  zamindar  has  the  local  title  of  Thakur,  and  is  related  to  the  Feudatory  Chief.   

#Temur — A  village  in  Sakti  State,  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  Borai  river,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the  town.  The  village  contains  a  vernacular  school  and  is  traversed  by  the  railway.   

#Tetla — A  large  village  in  Raigarh  State,  situated  on  the  road  to  Sarangarh  about  nine  miles  from  Raigarh.  It  hns  a  primary  school  and  several  irrigation  tanks.   

#Tirathgarh — A  small  village  in  Bastar  State,  2 1  miles  rrom  jagdalpur  to  the  south.     A  fair  is  held, here  in  jNIagh  (January-    $    February)  every  year.  The  village  contains  the  remains  cl  an  ancient  fort  and  a  number  of  small  Siva  temples.  Th-r  Kimg^ri  river  here  forms  a  waterfall  about  lOO  feet  in  height.   

#Turri — A  village  in  Sakti  State,  situated  on  the  -edge  ot  the  Karwal  nullah,  which  obtains  its  supply  of  water  from  a  perpetual  spring  close  by,  called  Turri  after  the  village.  Rumour  has  it  that  occasionally  idols  of  Siva  appear  though  for  a  very  short  time.  They  are  said  to  have  beer  •-e-^--'  in  various  colours  (white  and  dark)  by  many  people.   

#Uparghat — The  tableland  ofjashpur  State,  lying  between  22°-49'  and  23°-o'  N.  and  84°- lo'  and  84°-2  2'  E.  On  the  Ranchi  side  it  attains  an  average  elevation  of  2200 feet  above  sea-level,  and  is  fringed  by  hills,  which  in  places  rise  a  thou-  sand feet  higher.  Approached  from  the  east,  the  Uparghat  blends  with,  and  forms  an  integral  part  of,  the  plateau  ot  Chota  Nagpur  proper,  while  on  the  west  it  springs  from  the  low  land  region  known  as  the  Hetghat  in  a  scarped  fortress-  like wall,  buttressed  here  and  there  by  projecting  masses  or  rock.  On  this  side  the  passes  (s^hdts)  are  extremely  difficult,  being  unsafe  for  horsemen  and  utterly  inaccessible  to  wheeled  traffic.  The  Uparghat  again  is  divided  by  a  slight  de-  pression from  the  still  higher  plateau  of  Khuria,  whicli  occupies  the  north-western  corner  of  the  State.  .   

#Upkachna — A  village  in  Sakti  State,  situated  at  the  foot  of  tiie  hill  towards  the  north  of  the  State.  The  village  derives  its  name  from  a  natural  reservoir  {kund)  called  Upkachna  which  supplies  th'e  villagers  with  water  all  the  yea'  round.     The  chief  caste  inhabiting  the  village  is  the  Kawar.   

#Wararbandh — A  village  in  Nandgaon  State,  14  miles  from  Raj-Nandgaon  towards  the  west.  Ihe  village  contain-  a  large  and  beautiful  tank  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  hills.  The  tradition  is  that  this  tank  was  constructed  in  one  night  by  a  hundred  thousand  Uriyas,  in  order  to  drown  themselvc  and  their  beautiful  Rani,  Dasmat  Urnin,  and. thus  save  he  from  Raja  N/ohan  Deo  of  Drug,  who  had  become  enamourec',  of  her  and  was  trying  to  carry  her  off  by  force  of  arms.