INGLÉS 8VO JAILUBA

UNIT 1 SCHOOL LIFE

VOCABULARY CLASSROOM OBJECTS

board

chair

computer

desk

door

headphones

laptop

pen

pencilcase

pencil

rubber

tablet

shelf

smartphone

window

ruler

Grammar Articles

DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES

In English there are three articles: a, an, and the. Articles are used before nouns or noun equivalents and are a type of adjective. The definite article (the) is used before a noun to indicate that the identity of the noun is known to the reader. The indefinite article (a, an) is used before a noun that is general or when its identity is not known. There are certain situations in which a noun takes no article.

Examples:

an orange

a watch

a pen

an ice cream

Exercise

Complete the sentence with the correct article (a - an - the)

This is ___ interesting film.
Spain is ___ European country.
My mother is learning to play ___ piano.
Do you know where I put ___ newspaper?
It is better to tell ___ truth.
That was ___ horrible mistake.
That was ___ horrible mistake.
Did you get ___ flowers that I sent you?
Some days I buy ___ ice cream for dessert.
Which bike do you like? ___ red one?

Plural nounsA common noun can be made plural by adding an ‘s’, ‘es’, ‘ies’, ‘ves’; by changing ‘us’ to ‘i’, ‘is’ to ‘es’, ‘on’ to ‘a’ and so on. There are some common nouns that remain the same in the singular and plural forms. A few others do not fall under any other category of plural nouns. They are termed irregular nouns. These common nouns can be made plural by a change in the spelling or by the addition of a suffix to the root word.
Spelling Rules for plural Nouns

Adding ‘s’

- - Dog – dogs
  - Pen – pens
  - Chair – chairs

Adding ‘es’

- - Box – boxes
  - Tax – taxes
  - Bus – buses

Adding ‘ves’ for nouns ending with an ‘f’ or ‘fe’

- - Wolf – wolves
  - Calf – calves
  - Knife – knives
  - Wife – wives

Adding ‘es’ to nouns ending with an ‘o’

- - Mango – mangoes
  - Potato – potatoes
  - Tomato – tomatoes
  - Mosquito – mosquitoes
  - Volcano – volcanoes

Adding ‘ies’ to words ending with a ‘y’ preceded by a consonant

- - City – cities
  - Strawberry – strawberries
  - Puppy – puppies

Adding ‘s’ to words ending with a ‘y’ preceded by a vowel

- - Ray – rays
  - Toy – toys
  - Boy – boys

Changing ‘us’ to ‘i’

- - Alumnus – alumni
  - Syllabus – syllabi
  - Cactus – cacti
  - Fungus – fungi
  - Nucleus – nuclei

Changing ‘is’ to ‘es’

- - Crisis – crises
  - Analysis – analyses
  - Diagnosis – diagnoses
  - Thesis – theses

Changing ‘on’ to ‘a’

- - Criterion – criteria
  - Phenomenon – phenomena

Nouns with a common singular and plural form

- - News – news
  - Scissors – scissors
  - Furniture – furniture
  - Deer – deer
  - Fish – fish
  - Police – police
  - Sheep – sheep

11. Irregular nouns

- - Man – men
  - Woman – women
  - Ox – oxen
  - Goose – geese
  - Child – children
  - Tooth – teeth
  - Foot – feet
  - Mouse – mice

12. Plural form for hyphenated nouns and relationships

- - Mother-in-law – Mothers-in-law
  - Father-in-law – Fathers-in-law
  - Brother-in-law – Brothers-in-law
  - Daughter-in-law – Daughters-in-law
  - Son-in-law – Sons-in-law
  - Grandmother – grandmothers
  - Grandfather – grandfathers
  - Grandson – grandsons
  - Granddaughter – granddaughters
  - Cousin – cousins
  - Brother – brothers
  - Sister – sisters
  - Uncle – uncles
  - Aunty – Aunties
  - Aunt – Aunts

Plural Noun Examples

Plural noun of child – children
Plural noun of fox – foxes
Plural noun of loaf – loaves
Plural noun of ship – ships
Plural noun of school – schools
Plural noun of door – doors
Plural noun of sister-in-law – sisters-in-law
Plural form of baby – babies

Exersises

Fill in the regular and irregular plural forms of the nouns.

hero ________ loaf __________ half ___________

tree ________ dash ___________ bridge ___________

cliff__________ dish____________shelf _____________

leaf__________ calf _____________chief _____________

person___________toy____________inch ____________

alley____________photo___________desk____________

party____________glass____________box____________

shoe_____________louse____________deer___________

sheep____________wolf_____________city___________

crocodile_____________bus____________watch____________

fox______________bush_______________match____________

horse_____________week______________wife_____________

cliff_______________tomato_____________berry____________

roof _____________.

EXERCISE:wordwall.net/es/resource/5272070/singular-and-plural-nouns

Grammar be affirmative & negative

Present to be

This form of the verb is mainly used in the simple present, and its meaning can change depending on the use in the context. Also, when writing, the present form of the to be verb can be shortened.

Here is the to be for all the subjects in both long and short forms for affirmative sentences, and also for negative sentences with to be.

How to use the “to be” verb

The “to be” is a verb used to describe something or someone.

In English, it can be used to say different things according to the context. However, the most common use of the to be verb is to talk about names, ages, feeling, nationalities, and professions, especially when talking in the present tense.

Let’s see some examples of this for sentences with the “to be” verb.

For names:
She is Sheila

For ages:
He is 6 years old.

For feelings:
Lauren and Sandra are happy.

For nationalities:
We are from Thailand.

For professions:
You aren’t a painter, you are a singer.