UNITS 8&18 ACIDS AND BASES

Many reactions involve the transfer of a proton from an acid to a base.
The characterization of an acid depends on empirical evidence such as the production of gases in reactions with metals, the colour changes of indicators or the release of heat in reactions with metal oxides and hydroxides.
The pH scale is an artificial scale used to distinguish between acid, neutral and basic/alkaline solutions.
Increased industrialization has led to greater production of nitrogen and sulfur oxides leading to acid rain, which is damaging our environment. These problems can be reduced through collaboration with national and intergovernmental organizations.
The acid–base concept can be extended to reactions that do not involve proton transfer.
The equilibrium law can be applied to acid–base reactions. Numerical problems can be simplified by making assumptions about the relative concentrations of the species involved. The use of logarithms is also significant here.
pH curves can be investigated experimentally but are mathematically determined by the dissociationconstants of the acid and base. An indicator with an appropriate end point can be used to determine theequivalence point of the reaction.

BOLD= HL