This circuit is a basic LED system. Overtime the speed at which the LED blinks increases. The float value creates a variable that changes as the code runs, and the if and else statements control the value of the variable.

When the potentiometer is rotated, the speed at which the LED blinks is changed.

By changing which of the pins receive power, different colors can be displayed on a single LED.

By activating and deactivating each LED individually, we can create a pattern with them.

By using an Exclusive OR (XOR) gate, we can cause the LED to only activate when one button is pressed down.

Using the Photo Resistor we can change whether or not the LED is on using nothing but light.

The servo is able to rotate, allowing you to move psychical objects.  The servo moves by degrees, with 90 being 1/4 of the way around, 180 being 1/2, and 0 being the starting point.

The piezo unit creates sound, by controlling how much power it receives we can control the different pitches and volumes that it plays sound at,.

A DC motor is similar to a servo, however the motor uses time and speed values rather than a rotation value. With the code provided, you need to give a speed value to the Arduino before it can spin the motor.

The shift register allows us to control where power is sent using a single component. The code above causes power to cycle between the sets of LEDs to create a pattern.