3500s BCE (3500–3401)

• c. 3500–3300 — Uruk urban expansion (White Temple/Anu ziggurat) crystalizes the first great city. 🟢🔵 🔶 (Uruk period)

• c. 3500–3300 — Wheeled vehicles & plough diffuse in Mesopotamia; leap in transport/agriculture. 🟠 🔶 (History of technology—wheel)

• c. 3500–3200 — Naqada II consolidation in Predynastic Egypt; elite iconography and long‑distance trade. 🔵🟢 🟠 🔶 (Naqada culture)

• c. 3500–3000 — Gulf routes (Dilmun/Magan precursors) tie Mesopotamia to Arabia/Iranian littorals. 🟠 🔶⬛ (Dilmun)
  
  

3400s BCE (3400–3301)

• c. 3400–3200 — Proto‑cuneiform tablets at Uruk; administration & record‑keeping take off. 🟠 🔶 (Cuneiform origins)

• c. 3400–3200 — Earliest Egyptian hieroglyphs; parallel script emergence to Sumer. 🟠 🔶 (Egyptian hieroglyphs)

• c. 3400–3000 — Maykop/Maikop culture metallurgy links Caucasus–steppe–Near East. 🟠 🔵 ⬛ (Maykop culture)

• c. 34th c. — Cylinder‑seal & accounting iconography standardizes authority and exchange. 🟢🟠 🔶 (Seals of Mesopotamia)
  
  

3300s BCE (3300–3201)

• c. 3300–3000 — Jemdet Nasr period: polychrome pottery, centralized administration beyond Uruk. 🟠🔵 🔶 (Jemdet Nasr)

• c. 3300–2300 — Liangzhu culture (Lower Yangtze) masters jade ritual forms & hydraulic works. 🟢🟠 🔵 🟥 (Liangzhu culture)

• c. 3300–2600 — Early Harappan phases (Ravi/Kot Diji) foreshadow Indus urbanism. 🟠🔵 🟩 (Kot Diji)

• c. 33rd c. — Long‑range obsidian & metal exchanges expand in Anatolia/Aegean. 🟠 🔷⬛ (Anatolia—Early Bronze)
  
  

3200s BCE (3200–3101)

• c. 3200–3000 — Early Cycladic I seafaring & marble figurines; Aegean connectivity. 🟢🟠 🔷 (Cycladic art)

• c. 3200 — Hieroglyphic & cuneiform systems stabilize; written law/accounting becomes possible. 🟠 🔶

• c. 32nd c. — Increasing palatial storage & rationing in southern Mesopotamia. 🟠🔵 🔶 (Mesopotamia—emergence)

• c. 3200–3100 — Proto‑states along the Nile coalesce before political unification. 🔵 🔶 (Predynastic Egypt)
  
  

3100s BCE (3100–3001)

• c. 3100 — Narmer unifies Egypt; First Dynasty begins; Memphis emerges as capital. 🔵 🔶 (Narmer)

• c. 31st c. — Standardized scribal practice spreads across southern Mesopotamia. 🟠 🔶 (Cuneiform)

• c. 31st c. — Early Harappan towns grow (e.g., Kot Diji fortifications). 🔵🟠 🟩 (Kot Diji)

• c. 31st c. — Maritime links tighten among Cyclades, Crete, and mainland Greece. 🟠 🔷 (Aegean Bronze Age)
  
  

3000s BCE (3000–2901)

• c. 3000–2900 — Early Dynastic Egypt I–II; royal iconography & administration expand. 🔵🟢 🔶 (Early Dynastic Egypt)

• c. 3000 — Stonehenge Phase 1 (earthwork ditch & bank) begun. 🟢 🔷 (Stonehenge)

• c. 3000–2900 — Sumerian city‑states (Uruk, Ur, Lagash) intensify rivalry. 🔵🔴 🔶 (Early Dynastic Mesopotamia)

• c. 3000 — Liangzhu ritual‑jade canon achieves mature forms. 🟢 🟥 (Liangzhu culture)
  
  

2900s BCE (2900–2801)

• c. 2900–2350 — Early Dynastic Mesopotamia (ED I–III); city‑state warfare & law traditions. 🔵🔴 🟠 🔶 (Mesopotamia—ED)

• c. 29th c. — Egyptian 2nd Dynasty; administrative centralization. 🔵 🔶 (Early Dynastic Egypt)

• c. 29th–28th c. — Cycladic seafaring & figurine workshops proliferate. 🟢🟠 🔷 (Cycladic art)

• c. 29th–27th c. — Early Harappan settlement spread across Indus‑Sarasvati. 🔵 🟩 (Indus civilization—early phases)
  
  

2800s BCE (2800–2701)

• c. 28th–27th c. — Fortified Sumerian cities; intensified inter‑city conflict. 🔴🔵 🔶 (ED Mesopotamia)

• c. 28th c. — Early Bronze metallurgy spreads across Anatolia/Aegean. 🟠 🔷⬛ (Anatolia—Early Bronze)

• c. 28th c. — Aegean pre‑palatial Crete grows (EM I–II horizons). 🔵🟠 🔷 (Minoan civilization)

• c. 28th–27th c. — Indus crafts & weights standardize toward urban integration. 🟠 🔵 🟩 (Indus civilization)
  
  

2700s BCE (2700–2601)

• c. 2670s — Djoser & Imhotep plan the Step Pyramid; architectural stone building begins. 🟢🔵 🔶 (Djoser)

• c. 27th c. — Lagash–Umma border struggles typify ED city rivalries. 🔴 🔶 (Lagash)

• c. 27th–26th c. — Aegean seafaring and elite exchange intensify. 🟠 🔷 (Aegean civilization)

• c. 27th–26th c. — Early Harappan → Mature transition accelerates. 🟠🔵 🟩 (Indus civilization)
  
  

2600s BCE (2600–2501)

• c. 2667–2648 — Step Pyramid at Saqqara completed; first great stone monument. 🟢🔵 🔶 (Step Pyramid)

• c. 2600–2400 — Royal Cemetery of Ur; elite tombs & musical instruments. 🟢 🔶 (Royal Cemetery of Ur)

• c. 2600–1900 — Mature Indus urbanism (grid plans, sanitation, seals). 🟠🔵 🟩 (Indus civilization)

• c. 2600–1800 — Caral‑Supe (Norte Chico) monumental centers in Peru. 🔵🟢 🟦 (Caral‑Supe—UNESCO)
  
  

2500s BCE (2500–2401)

• c. 2575–2465 — Giza pyramid complex (Khufu/Khafre/Menkaure) apex of royal monumentality. 🟢🔵 🔶 (Old Kingdom)

• c. 25th–24th c. — Indus–Mesopotamia Gulf trade via Dilmun/Magan; standardized weights. 🟠 🔶🟩⬛ (Indus trade)

• c. 25th–24th c. — Ebla archives show palace bureaucracy & diplomacy. 🟠🔵 🔶 (Ebla)

• c. 25th–24th c. — Egyptian solar temples & Pyramid Texts codify theology. 🟣🟢 🔶 (Old Kingdom religion)
  
  

2400s BCE (2400–2301)

• c. 24th–23rd c. — Early Dynastic Mesopotamian city‑states consolidate; palace‑temple economies. 🔵🟠 🔶 (Mesopotamia—ED)

• c. 24th–23rd c. — Ubaid–Uruk legacies persist in southern Iraq canal landscapes. 🟠🟡 🔶 (Southern Mesopotamia irrigation)

• c. 24th–23rd c. — Aegean Early Minoan/Mycenaean elites expand exchange. 🟠🔵 🔷 (Minoan civilization)

• c. 24th–23rd c. — Liangzhu wanes; legacy in jade/ritual persists. 🟢 🟥 (Liangzhu culture)
  
  

2300s BCE (2300–2201)

• 2334–2279 — Sargon of Akkad forges a multiethnic empire; Akkadian lingua franca. 🔵 🟠 🔶 (Sargon)

• c. 23rd c. — Karum‑style Anatolian trade nodes emerge. 🟠 🔷⬛ (Anatolia—trade)

• c. 23rd c. — Erligang/Erlitou palatial bronze cultures expand in China’s heartland. 🔵🟠 🟥 (Chinese bronzes)

• Late 24th–23rd c. — Royal ideology spreads Levant‑Mesopotamia (Ebla, Mari). 🟢🔵 🔶 (Ebla)
  
  

2200s BCE (2200–2101)

• c. 2193–2154 — Akkadian collapse (Gutians; arid stress debated). 🔴🟡 🔶 (Akkad—decline)

• c. 2181 — Egypt’s First Intermediate Period begins; regionalization & local cults. 🔵 🔶 (Egypt—FIP)

• c. 2240–2200 — Ebla destroyed; Levantine power reshuffles. 🔴 🔶 (Ebla)

• c. 22nd c. — Indus interregional exchange sustained despite Near Eastern shocks. 🟠 🟩 (Indus)
  
  

2100s BCE (2100–2001)

• 2112–2004 — Ur III centralizes labor/taxation; ziggurats & law. 🔵🟠 🟢 🔶 (Ur III)

• c. 2100 — Code of Ur‑Nammu (earliest extant law). 🟠 🔶 (Code of Ur‑Nammu)

• c. 2055–1985 — Egypt reunified (Middle Kingdom foundations). 🔵 🔶 (Middle Kingdom)

• c. 21st c. — Karum Kültepe/Kaneš merchant archives begin. 🟠 🔷⬛ (Kültepe)
  
  

2000s BCE (2000–1901)

• c. 2000–1700 — Minoan Old Palaces (Knossos, Phaistos) & redistribution economies. 🔵🟠 🟢 🔷 (Minoan civilization)

• c. 20th–19th c. — Old Assyrian trade colonies in Anatolia. 🟠 🔷⬛ (Karum network)

• c. 2000–1800 — Isin–Larsa rivalry in southern Mesopotamia. 🔵🔴 🔶 (Babylonia)

• c. 2000 — Early Zhou/Erlitou/Erligang proto‑state trajectories in North China. 🔵 🟥 (Chinese Bronze Age)
  
  

1900s BCE (1900–1801)

• c. 19th–18th c. — Kārum Kaneš tablet troves record private trade/credit. 🟠 🔷⬛ (Kültepe)

• c. 1934–1924 — Code of Lipit‑Ishtar (Isin). 🟠 🔶 (Lipit‑Ishtar)

• c. 19th–18th c. — Old Babylonian dynasties rise (Amorites). 🔵 🔶 (Old Babylonian)

• c. 1900–1700 — Aegean shaft‑grave elites consolidate on Greek mainland. 🔵🟢 🔷 (Shaft graves)
  
  

1800s BCE (1800–1701)

• 1792–1750 — Hammurabi expands Babylon; famous law stele. 🔵🟠 🔶 (Hammurabi)

• c. 18th c. — Shamshi‑Adad I builds Upper Mesopotamian kingdom. 🔵 🔶 (Mesopotamia—history)

• c. 18th–17th c. — Old Hittite formation in central Anatolia (Hattusa). 🔵 🔷 (Old Hittite)

• c. 18th c. — Tin/copper long‑distance networks fuel the Bronze Age. 🟠 🔷⬛ (Anatolia—trade)
  
  

1700s BCE (1700–1601)

• c. 17th c. — Kassite groups rise in highlands; later dominate Babylonia. 🔵 🔶 (Babylonia—Kassites)

• c. 1630–1530 — Hyksos rule northern Egypt from Avaris. 🔵 🔶 (Hyksos)

• c. 1700–1450 — Mycenaean shaft‑grave era on Greek mainland. 🔵🟢 🔷 (Shaft graves)

• c. 1650–1500 — Old Hittite Kingdom consolidates. 🔵 🔷 (Old Hittite)
  
  

1600s BCE (1600–1501)

• c. 1600–1046 — Shang dynasty; oracle bones & bronze industries. 🔵🟠 🟢 🟥 (Shang)

• c. 1595 — Mursili I sacks Babylon; Kassite dynasty follows. 🔴 🔶 (Mursili I)

• c. 1550 — Ahmose I expels Hyksos; New Kingdom begins. 🔵 🔶 (Ahmose I)

• c. 16th c. — Mycenaean warrior‑elite culture (Grave Circle A). 🔵🟢 🔷 (Shaft graves)
  
  

1500s BCE (1500–1401)

• c. 1479–1425 — Thutmose III expands Egypt; Levantine holdings. 🔵🔴 🔶 (Thutmose III)

• c. 1500–1200 — Mitanni influence peaks in N. Mesopotamia/Syria. 🔵 🟠 🔶 (Mitanni)

• c. 15th c. — Shang Anyang divination/writing matures. 🟠 🟥 (Oracle bones)

• c. 1500–1200 — Olmec precursors consolidate on Gulf Coast. 🔵🟢 🟦 (Olmec)
  
  

1400s BCE (1400–1301)

• c. 14th c. — Mycenaean palaces & Linear B administrative scripts. 🟠🔵 🟢 🔷 (Linear B)

• c. 14th–13th c. — Kassite Babylon stabilizes S. Mesopotamia. 🔵 🔶 (Babylonia—Kassites)

• c. 14th–13th c. — Hittite Empire apex in Anatolia. 🔵 🔷 (Hittite Empire)

• c. 14th–12th c. — Olmec early centers take shape (San Lorenzo). 🔵🟢 🟦 (Olmec)
  
  

1300s BCE (1300–1201)

• c. 1274 — Battle of Kadesh; earliest known peace treaty (Hittite–Egyptian). 🔴🔵 🔶🔷 (Kadesh)

• c. 13th c. — Ugarit alphabetic innovation & Levantine trade hub. 🟠 🟢 🔶 (Ugarit)

• c. 13th c. — Late Shang bronze/ritual apogee. 🟢🟠 🟥 (Shang bronzes)

• c. 13th c. — Mycenaean maritime reach across the Aegean. 🔵🟠 🔷 (Mycenaean civilization)
  
  

1200s BCE (1200–1101)

• c. 1200–1150 — Bronze Age Collapse across E. Mediterranean. 🔴 🟡 🔷🔶 (Bronze Age collapse)

• c. 12th c. — Sea Peoples raids; Egypt repels at Medinet Habu. 🔴 🔶 (Sea Peoples)

• c. 12th c. — Early Olmec (San Lorenzo) flourish. 🔵🟢 🟦 (Olmec)

• c. 12th–11th c. — Zhou proto‑states rise in N. China. 🔵 🟥 (Zhou)
  
  

1100s BCE (1100–1001)

• c. 1046 — Zhou overthrow Shang; Mandate of Heaven. 🔵🟣 🟥 (Zhou)

• c. 11th c. — Phoenician city‑states grow; alphabet spreads. 🟠🔵 🔶🔷 (Phoenicia)

• c. 11th–9th c. — Neo‑Assyrian revival in Upper Mesopotamia. 🔵🔴 🔶 (Assyria)

• c. 11th–10th c. — Post‑Mycenaean Greece adopts iron; village networks. 🟠 🔷 (Greek Dark Age)
  
  

1000s BCE (1000–901)

• c. 1000–900 — United Monarchy traditions (Saul–David–Solomon). 🔵🟣 🔶 (Ancient Israel)

• c. 10th c. — Western Zhou capital at Haojing; feudal order. 🔵 🟥 (Zhou)

• c. 10th–8th c. — Kush/Napata rises as Egypt wanes. 🔵 🔶🟫 (Kingdom of Kush)

• c. 10th–9th c. — La Venta (Olmec) ceremonial core grows. 🔵🟢 🟦 (Olmec)
  
  

900s BCE (900–801)

• c. 9th c. — Neo‑Assyrian expansion (Kalhu/Nimrud). 🔵🔴 🔶 (Assyria)

• c. 9th–8th c. — Greek polis formation; Homeric epics. 🟣🟢 🔷 (Polis)

• c. 9th c. — Zhou regionalization seeds Warring States. 🔵 🟥 (Zhou)

• c. 9th–8th c. — Phoenician colonization (e.g., Gadir/Cádiz). 🟠 🔶🔷 (Phoenicians)
  
  

800s BCE (800–701)

• 753 — Traditional founding of Rome. 🔵 🔷 (Ancient Rome)

• c. 8th–6th c. — Greek colonization of Med/Black Sea. 🟠🔵 🔷 (Greek colonization)

• c. 747–656 — Kushite 25th Dynasty rules Egypt. 🔵 🔶🟫 (25th Dynasty)

• 771 — Zhou Spring & Autumn era begins. 🔴🔵 🟥 (Spring and Autumn period)
  
  

700s BCE (700–601)

• c. 8th–7th c. — Assyrian apex (Sargon II, Sennacherib). 🔵🔴 🔶 (Assyria)

• c. 7th c. — Hoplite tactics & archaic Greek art arise. 🔴🟢 🔷 (Hoplite)

• c. 7th c. — Etruscan urban culture expands in Italy. 🔵🟢 🔷 (Etruscan civilization)

• trad. dates — Zoroaster reforms Iranian religion. 🟣 🔶⬛ (Zoroastrianism)
  
  

600s BCE (600–501)

• 612–539 — Neo‑Babylonian Empire; destruction of Assyria; Jerusalem exile (586). 🔵🔴 🟣 🔶 (Neo‑Babylonia)

• c. 7th–6th c. — Greek colonies (Cyrene, Massalia) extend trade web. 🟠 🔷 (Greek colonization)

• c. 7th–6th c. — Upanishadic era & Mahajanapadas urbanization. 🟣🟠 🔵 🟩 (Upanishads)

• c. 7th–5th c. — Eastern Zhou competitive statecraft; Sunzi traditions. 🟣🔵 🟠 🟥 (Eastern Zhou)
  
  

500s BCE (500–401)

• c. 550–330 — Achaemenid Persia (Cyrus–Darius); Royal Road. 🔵🟠 🔶⬛🔷🟩 (Achaemenid Empire)

• c. 6th c. — Buddhism & Jainism arise in Gangetic plain. 🟣 🟩 (Buddhism)

• 499–449 — Greco‑Persian Wars; Classical turn. 🔴🔵 🔷⬛ (Greco‑Persian Wars)

• c. 6th–5th c. — Confucius & Laozi; Hundred Schools. 🟣 🟥 (Hundred Schools)
  
  

400s BCE (400–301)

• 431–404 — Peloponnesian War; Athens→Sparta→Thebes hegemony shifts. 🔴🔵 🔷 (Peloponnesian War)

• c. 4th c. — Magadha consolidation (Nanda precursors to Maurya). 🔵 🟩 (Magadha)

• c. 5th–4th c. — Satrapal rebellions & Achaemenid–Greek interactions. 🔴🔵 🔷⬛ (Achaemenid Empire)

• c. 5th–3rd c. — Warring States innovation (iron tools, cavalry). 🟠🔴 🟥 (Warring States)
  
  

300s BCE (300–201)

• 336–323 — Alexander the Great dismantles Achaemenids; Hellenistic kingdoms arise. 🔴🔵 🔷⬛🔶 (Alexander)

• c. 322–185 — Mauryan Empire (Chandragupta–Ashoka). 🔵🟣 🟩 (Maurya)

• c. 4th–3rd c. — Qin legalist reforms & centralization loom. 🔵 🟥 (Qin)

• c. 4th–3rd c. — Olmec decline; early Zapotec/Izapa growth. 🔵🟢 🟦 (Teotihuacan/Preclassic)
  
  

200s BCE (200–101)

• 221–206 — Qin Empire; standardization & early Great Wall. 🟠🔵 🟥 (Qin)

• 206 BCE–220 CE — Han dynasty consolidates; Silk Road embryos via Hexi Corridor. 🔵🟠 🟥⬛ (Han)

• 268–232 — Ashoka spreads Buddhism; rock‑edict moral polity. 🟣🔵 🟩 (Ashoka)

• 218–201 — Second Punic War (Hannibal). 🔴 🔷🔶 (Second Punic War)
  
  

100s BCE (100–1)

• 2nd–1st c. — Han vs. Xiongnu; Zhang Qian opens CA routes. 🔴🟠 🔵 ⬛🟥 (Zhang Qian)

• 2nd–1st c. — Late Hellenistic science & Roman entanglements in East. 🟢🔵 🔷🔶 (Hellenistic science)

• c. 1st c. BCE — Teotihuacan ascent; Maya Preclassic cities grow. 🔵🟠 🟦 (Teotihuacan)

• 2nd–1st c. — Indo‑Greek/Śaka polities; Gandhara syncretism. 🔵🟢 🟠 🟩⬛ (Greco‑Bactria/Indo‑Greek)
  
  

1st century CE (1–100)

• 27 BCE–14 CE — Augustus stabilizes Roman Empire; Pax Romana begins. 🔵 🔷 (Augustus)

• 1st c. — Parthian–Roman frontier struggles in Mesopotamia. 🔴🔵 🔶⬛ (Parthian Empire)

• 1st c. — Han population boom & early paper invention. 🟠 🔵 🟥 (Paper—China)

• 1st c. — Kushan bridge CA–SA; Buddhism into Tarim. 🔵🟣 ⬛🟩 (Kushan Empire)
  
  

2nd century CE (101–200)

• 98–180 — High Empire Rome (Trajan–Hadrian–Marcus Aurelius). 🔵🔴 🔷 (Roman Empire)

• 1st–2nd c. — Han peak (Emperor Zhang, etc.), followed by factional strains. 🔵 🔴 🟥 (Han dynasty)

• 1st–2nd c. — Satavahanas & Indo‑Roman trade via Muziris. 🟠🔵 🟩🔷 (Muziris)

• 2nd c. — Teotihuacan metropolis expansion (orthogonal grid). 🟠🟢 🟦 (Teotihuacan)
  
  

3rd century CE (201–300)

• 235–284 — Crisis of the Roman Empire; fragmentation & inflation. 🔴🟠 🔷 (Crisis of the Third Century)

• 220–280 — Three Kingdoms (China) after Han: Cao Wei/Shu/Wu. 🔴🔵 🟥 (Three Kingdoms)

• 224–651 — Sasanian Empire replaces Parthia; Zoroastrian revival. 🔵🟣 🔶⬛ (Sasanian Empire)

• 3rd c. — Maya Classic florescence accelerates. 🔵🟢 🟦 (Maya civilization)
  
  

4th century CE (301–400)

• 313–337 — Constantine & Nicaea (325); Christianity patronized. 🟣🔵 🔷 (Council of Nicaea)

• c. 320–550 — Gupta rise; Sanskrit culture & decimal roots. 🔵🟢 🟩 (Gupta dynasty)

• 4th c. — Steppe pressures on China; Buddhism expands. 🔴🟣 🟥⬛ (Buddhism in China)

• mid‑4th c. — Axum adopts Christianity (Ezana). 🟣🔵 🟫 (Aksum)
  
  

5th century CE (401–500)

• 476 — Fall of Western Roman Empire; Germanic successor states. 🔴🔵 🔷 (Fall of Rome)

• 5th c. — Gupta zenith → fragmentation; Ajanta murals. 🟢🔵 🟩 (Ajanta Caves)

• 5th c. — Northern Wei sinicization & cave temples (Yungang). 🔵🟢 🟥 (Yungang Grottoes)

• 5th c. — Maya monumental programs & trade networks. 🟢🟠 🔵 🟦 (Maya civilization)
  
  

6th century CE (500–599)

• 527–565 — Justinianic codification (Corpus Juris Civilis); Hagia Sophia. 🟠🟢🔵 🔷 (Code of Justinian)

• 589 — Sui reunify China. 🔵 🟥 (Sui dynasty)

• mid‑6th c. — Gupta decline amid Huna pressures. 🔴🔵 🟩 (Gupta dynasty)

• c. 550 — Teotihuacan declines, reshaping Mesoamerica. 🔴 🔵 🟦 (Teotihuacan)
  
  

7th century CE (600–699)

• 622 — Hijra inaugurates Islamic era. 🟣 🔶 (Hijrah)

• 630s–660s — Rashidun/Umayyad conquests across NENA. 🔴🔵 🔶⬛ (Islamic world)

• 618–907 — Tang dynasty founded; cosmopolitan apex. 🔵🟠 🟥 (Tang)

• 7th c. — Classic Maya florescence (Palenque et al.). 🔵🟢 🟦 (Maya civilization)
  
  

8th century CE (700–799)

• 711–718 — Umayyads enter Iberia; al‑Andalus forms. 🔴🔵 🔶🔷 (Ṭāriq ibn Ziyād)

• 732 — Battle of Tours checks Umayyad push into Gaul. 🔴 🔷 (Charles Martel)

• 750–762 — ʿAbbasid Revolution; Baghdad founded. 🔵🟠 🔶 (Abbasids)

• 794 — Heian period begins in Japan. 🔵🟢 🟥 (Heian period)
  
  

9th century CE (800–899)

• 800 — Charlemagne crowned; Carolingian imperial model. 🔵 🔷 (Charlemagne)

• c. 813–833 — House of Wisdom & translation movement peak in Baghdad. 🟠 🔶 (Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq)

• 755–763 aftermath — An Lushan’s impact weakens Tang hegemony. 🔴 🔵 🟥 (An Lushan)

• 9th c. — Late Classic Maya stress & contractions. 🔴 🔵 🟦 (Maya collapse)
  
  

10th century CE (900–999)

• c. 960–1279 foundations — Song economic/urban surge. 🟠🔵 🟥 (Song dynasty)

• 10th–11th c. — Heian court zenith; kana literature. 🟢🟣 🔵 🟥 (Japanese literature—Heian)

• 909–1171 — Fatimid state builds in N. Africa/Egypt. 🔵 🔶 (Fatimid Caliphate)

• c. 900–1200 — Angkor consolidates in mainland SE Asia. 🔵🟢 🟪 (Angkor)
  
  

11th century CE (1000–1099)

• 11th c. — Song innovations (movable type, early gunpowder, paper money). 🟠 🟥 (Song technology)

• 1054 — Great Schism splits Latin/Greek churches. 🟣 🔷 (East–West Schism)

• 1066 — Norman Conquest reshapes England. 🔴🔵 🔷 (Norman Conquest)

• 1095 — First Crusade proclaimed. 🔴🔵 🔷🔶 (Crusades)
  
  

12th century CE (1100–1199)

• c. 1100–1200 — Chola thalassocracy projects into the Indian Ocean. 🔵🟠 🔵 🟩🟪 (Chola dynasty)

• 12th c. — Toledo translators channel Arabic/Greek science to Latin Europe. 🟠 🟣 🔷🔶 (Toledo School)

• 1185 — Kamakura shogunate begins (warrior rule). 🔵🔴 🟥 (Kamakura period)

• late 12th c. — Angkor building peaks (Angkor Wat). 🟢 🔵 🟪 (Angkor)
  
  

13th century CE (1200–1299)

• 1206 — Genghis Khan unifies Mongol tribes. 🔵🔴 ⬛ (Genghis Khan)

• 1206–1526 — Delhi Sultanate in North India. 🔵 🔴 🟩 (Delhi Sultanate)

• 1258 — Sack of Baghdad ends Abbasid primacy in Iraq. 🔴 🔶 (Abbasids)

• 13th c. — Swahili Coast maritime trade booms (Kilwa, Mombasa). 🟠 🔵 🟫 (Kilwa Kisiwani)
  
  

14th century CE (1300–1399)

• c. 1300–1400 — Mali Empire apex (Mansa Musa); trans‑Saharan gold/salt. 🔵🟠 🟫⬛ (Mali)

• 1325–1354 — Ibn Battuta travels link Afro‑Eurasia. 🟠 🔶🟫⬛🟪 (Ibn Battuta)

• 1337–1453 — Hundred Years’ War begins. 🔴 🔷 (Hundred Years’ War)

• 1347–1351 — Black Death reshapes demography/economies. 🟡 🟠 🔷🟩🟥 (Black Death)
  
  

15th century CE (1400–1499)

• 1405–1433 — Zheng He’s voyages; Indian Ocean system at scale. 🟠 🔵 🟥🟪 (Zheng He)

• 1453 — Fall of Constantinople; Ottoman ascendancy; Greek scholars to Italy. 🔴🔵 🟠 🔷🔶 (Fall of Constantinople)

• c. 1428–1521 — Aztec Triple Alliance consolidates in Central Mexico. 🔵🔴 🟦 (Aztec)

• 1430s–1500 — Songhai rises along the Niger. 🔵🟠 🟫⬛ (Songhai)
  
  

16th century CE (1500–1599)

• 1519–1521 — Spanish–Aztec War ends Tenochtitlán’s rule. 🔴 🔵 🟦🔷 (Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire)

• 1532–1572 — Spanish–Inca conflicts dismantle Tawantinsuyu. 🔴 🔵 🟦🔷 (Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire)

• 1526 — Mughal Empire founded (Babur) in North India. 🔵 🟩 (Mughal Empire)

• 1571 — Manila galleons link Americas–Asia via Spain/Philippines; first durable global trade circuit. 🟠 🔷🟦🟪🟥 (Manila galleon)
  
  

Rediscoveries & Recoveries of Antiquity

• 8th–9th c. CE — House of Wisdom (Baghdad) preserves/extends Greek learning (Arabic/Syriac translations). 🟠 🟣 🔶 (Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq)

• 12th–13th c. CE — Toledo School of Translators transmits Arabic/Greek science to Latin Europe. 🟠 🟣 🔷🔶 (Toledo School)

• 1345 — Petrarch rediscovers Cicero’s letters (humanist spark). 🟣 🔷 (Petrarch)

• 1453 — Constantinople’s fall sends Greek scholars & texts westward; Renaissance Platonism. 🟠 🟣 🔷 (Fall of Constantinople)

• 1738 & 1748 — Excavations at Herculaneum (1738) & Pompeii (1748) pioneer classical archaeology. 🟢 🔷 (Herculaneum; Pompeii)

• 1799 — Rosetta Stone discovered; key to Egyptian scripts. 🟠 🔶 (Rosetta Stone—BM)

• 1822 — Champollion deciphers hieroglyphs. 🟠 🔶 (Champollion)

• 1846–1857 — Behistun Inscription enables cuneiform decipherment. 🟠 🔶 (Behistun)

• 1870s — Schliemann at Troy & Mycenae ignites Aegean prehistory. 🟢 🔷 (Schliemann)

• 1900 — Arthur Evans at Knossos; defines Minoan civilization. 🟢 🔷 (Arthur Evans)

• 1911 — Machu Picchu publicized internationally (Bingham). 🟢 🟦 (Machu Picchu)

• 1920s — Major digs at Harappa/Mohenjo‑daro reveal Indus civilization. 🟠 🟩 (Harappa)

• 1947 — Dead Sea Scrolls discovered; reshape Second Temple textual history. 🟠 🟣 🔷🔶 (Dead Sea Scrolls)

• 1952 — Michael Ventris deciphers Linear B; Mycenaean Greek confirmed. 🟠 🔷 (Ventris)

• 1974 — Terracotta Army (Qin mausoleum) discovered. 🟢 🟥 (Terracotta Army)
  
  

Usage Notes

• Entries are concise for scanning; click links for depth.

• Icons are uniform: Themes first, then Regions.

• Long date ranges are anchored at their onset within the proper century to keep full chronological order.