Ptolemy's world map, reconstituted from Ptolemy's Geography (circa 150) in the 15th century, indicating "Scythia" (Pakistan) in the center, "Sinae" (China) at the extreme right, beyond the island of "Taprobane" (Ceylon or Sri Lanka, oversized) and the "Aurea Chersonesus" (Southeast Asian peninsula).
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The Ptolemy world map is a map of the world known to Hellenistic society in the 2nd century. It is based on the description contained in Ptolemy's book Geography, written c. 150. Based on an inscription in several of the earliest surviving manuscripts, it is traditionally credited to Agathodaemon of Alexandria.
Significant contributions of Ptolemy's maps are the first use of longitudinal and latitudinal lines as well as specifying terrestrial locations by celestial observations. The Geography was translated from Greek into Arabic in the 9th century and played a role in the work of al-Khwārizmībefore lapsing into obscurity. The idea of a global coordinate system revolutionized European geographical thought, however, and inspired more mathematical treatment of cartography.
Ptolemy's work probably originally came with maps, but none have been discovered. Instead, the present form of the map was reconstructed from Ptolemy's coordinates by Byzantine monks under the direction of Maximus Planudes shortly after 1295. It probably was not that of the original text, as it uses the less favored of the two alternate projections offered by Ptolemy.
https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/geographia-from-antiquity-to-the-space-age/
Ptolemy’s Geographia was re-discovered and translated into Arabic the 9th century and reached European geographers by early 15th century when it was translated into Latin. Original maps drafted by Ptolemy have never been found, but his descriptions with latitude and longitude of more than 8,000 locations allowed mapmakers to reconstruct maps of Ptolemy’s view of the world. The resulting maps were dramatically different and a much more accurate depiction of world geography than the mappaemundi of the time. The concept of a global grid system re-established a scientific approach to geography and mapping.