Endogenic or internal processes is another type of geologic process. Forces and energy from within the planet's interior are responsible for this process. The heat energy of the mantle and crust provides the driving factor. This sort of geological process includes magmatism, volcanism or Plutonism, and metamorphism.
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- Magmatism occurs when magma is produced and then transformed into intrusive or extrusive igneous (magmatic) rocks. The process of becoming part of the crust can occur either beneath or on the surface of the Earth.
- The process begins with the creation of magma as a result of partial rock melting. The magma will then rise and go to the mantle via convection movement. Due to the abrupt drop in temperature, magma will form or solidify into intrusive igneous rocks as it reaches the lithosphere.
- After the magma has been created, volcanism normally occurs. Magma will try and escape from the interior through cracks in the earth's surface, such as volcanoes. It will erupt with enormous heat and pressure, perhaps causing catastrophic explosions. When magma reaches the Earth's surface, it is known as lava. Extrusive igneous rocks are generated when this lava solidifies.
- The process of metamorphism is defined as a change in the materials that make up a rock. This occurs when the chemical components and geologic properties of rocks change due to increasing and decreasing heat, fluids, stress, and pressure, rather than weathering or sedimentation.
- Heat energy is crucial for many chemical reactions as it initiates them. The chemical makeup of rocks is influenced by extreme heat. On rocks, pressure causes two types of stresses: normal and shear stress, which causes the rock to alter shape without breaking.
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