Eager to dive deep into the world of

Policy-oriented Economic Research

My research agenda spans two related lines of inquiry. The first develops theoretical and empirical models of monetary competition and government responses to private digital monies, including two working papers: "Co-optation or Ban? A Theory of State Response to Private Digital Money" and "Monetary Technology Competition and the Evolution of the International Medium of Exchange." This attention to how institutions respond to changing economic forces carries over into my second line of research, which examines how institutions, economic freedom, and external financing — including IMF credit and foreign aid — shape economic growth and entrepreneurship across countries at different income levels, using panel-data and time-series methods to address policy-relevant questions in international development and regional economics.

My work has been published in International Economics and Economic Policy and the Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, and I regularly present at national and international conferences.

Research

“Co-optation or Ban? A Theory of State Response to Private Digital Money” (Job Market Paper) - Fouzia Awan, David Agyeman-Duodu.

Develops a model of government responses to private monies (e.g., stablecoins) that introduces co-optation; conditional acceptance backed by government debt and law, as a third policy option alongside tolerance and prohibition, showing that a sufficiently large government can steer whether a private money circulates. Applies the model to explain the 2025 U.S. GENIUS Act and China’s contemporaneous stablecoin ban as divergent equilibrium responses driven by enforcement costs and debt demand.

"Monetary Technology Competition and the Evolution of the International Medium of Exchange" - Fouzia Awan, David Agyeman-Duodu.

The study asks which monetary technology—fiat currency, cryptocurrency, or central bank digital currency (CBDC)—will dominate international exchange, and why. We develop a dynamic model in which adoption of each technology depends on network size, efficiency, credibility, and other key attributes, while network size itself evolves over time based on relative attractiveness. This feedback creates critical adoption thresholds, above which a technology's growth becomes self-reinforcing. The model derives four possible long-run outcomes—fiat dominance, cryptocurrency dominance, CBDC dominance, or stable coexistence—as equilibrium results, and treats CBDC as a transformation of sovereign money rather than a separate competitor. We derive closed-form conditions showing which parameter region determines the winning technology, along with six formal propositions and testable predictions.

"Macroeconomic Distortions and Economic Growth: Analysis of Income and Temporal Heterogeneity" - Fouzia Awan, Lawrence Ogbeifun.

How macroeconomic policy distortions affect growth using a global panel spanning 1961–2022. We estimate two sets of models—one using policy indicators we construct from standard macroeconomic indicators, and another using subcomponents of the Economic Freedom of the World index—across different time periods and income groups. We find that the black market premium is a robust drag on growth everywhere, while the effects of inflation and trade distortions vary by income level and period; notably, trade restrictions become a widespread constraint on growth after 1999. The results show that the growth costs of policy distortions are neither uniform nor stable over time, pointing to the need for context-specific, income-sensitive reform.

"Chinese Loans vs. IMF Lending on Economic Growth" - Fouzia Awan.

The study compares the growth and development effects of Chinese developmental finance and traditional IMF lending in Belt and Road Initiative countries. As borrowing countries increasingly choose between external financing regimes with different conditionality structures, this project asks whether the heterogeneous returns to domestic institutional reform found in my other work are mirrored in the returns to different sources of external finance.

Publications Google Scholar

Awan, F. (2026). IMF Credit and Growth Dynamics: The Moderating Role of Economic Freedom and Governance, International Economics and Economic Policy, Vol. 23 (47), 1-37, Link. @Springer Nature
Awan, F. (2026). Institutional Dynamics, Investment and Entrepreneurship: Impacts Across Income Levels, Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, Link. @Emerald Publishing
Awan, F. (2026). The Freedom Factor: Economic Growth Dynamics in Low and Lower Middle-Income Nations. (Accepted in a peer-reviewed journal).
Awan, F. (2025). Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurship: Dynamic Modeling, Journal of Regional Analysis & Policy 55 (3): 49–70, Link

Awan, F., and Mustafa, U. (2015). Institutional Governance, Aid, and Economic Growth: A Case of South Asian Countries. (with Mustafa, U), European Journal of Business Research, Vol. 15(1), pp. 45-54. Link
Awan, F., and Mustafa, U. (2013). Key Factors Contributing to Agricultural Growth in Pakistan (with Mustafa, U), Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, Link

Working Papers

Awan, F., and Ogbeifun, L. (2026). Macroeconomic Distortions and Economic Growth: Analysis of Income and Temporal Heterogeneity, Accepted for conference presentation at SEA 96th Annual Meeting. (November 21-23, 2026), Houston, TX. Link
Awan, F. (2025). State-Level Policy and Entrepreneurship: Dynamic Modeling (March 25, 2025). Available at SSRN: Link
Awan, F. (2016). Foreign Direct Investment and Institutional Quality: Empirical Evidence from Countries with Different Income Levels (July 2016) presented at the Asia-Pacific Conference on Economics & Finance (APEF), Singapore.

Conferences and Seminars

Southern Economic Association (SEA) 96th Annual Meeting, Houston, TX Nov. 2026
Association for University Business and Economic Research (AUBER) 79th Annual Conference, Boston, MA. Oct. 2026
C2ER + LMI Institute 66th Annual Conference, Memphis, TN Jun. 2026
Pacific Northwest Regional Economic Conference (PNREC) 60th Annual Meeting, Portland, OR May 2026
American Institute for Economic Research (AIER), Harwood Graduate Colloquium on Monetary Economics, Great Barrington, MA.

May 2026

Allied Social Science Associations / American Economic Association (AEA) Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA. Jan. 2026
AUBER 78th Annual Conference, Missoula, MT Oct. 2025
PNREC 59th Annual Conference, Bellingham, WA May 2025
Southern Economic Association (SEA) 94th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC Nov. 2024
AUBER 77th Annual Conference, Boise, ID Oct. 2024
AIER Harwood Graduate Colloquium on Defending Classical Liberalism, Great Barrington, MA May 2024
SEA 93rd Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA Nov. 2023
TechTalks Guest Speaker, TechGirls STEM Education Alumnae Advisory Council Aug. 2023
Association of Private Enterprise Education (APEE) 47th Meeting, Cancun, Mexico Apr. 2023
Graduate Economic Freedom Colloquium, Bridwell Institute, Dallas, TX Jun. 2022
Asia-Pacific Conference on Economics & Finance (APEF), Singapore Jul. 2016
International Academy of Business and Economics (IABE) Conference, Orlando, FL, USA Mar. 2015

Applied Research Projects

Peer City Profiles, 2026 Conducted a comparative analysis of Bellingham, WA, and peer university-centered cities, focusing on affordability, income, and demographic characteristics.
Economic Impact Analysis of the Whatcom Museum, 2025. Conducted an economic impact analysis, quantifying its direct, indirect, and induced contributions to the local and regional economy, including visitor-driven spending.
County Profiles, 2024 - 2026, compiled and analyzed economic data from Washington counties, producing accessible reports on demographics, industry trends, and unique local features.
OFM Prison Communication, 2024, Conducted a comparative market analysis of U.S. prison telecommunications, examining communication costs (calls, video, email, texts) for incarcerated individuals across states.

Research Projects Supervised at UCP

- “The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Pakistan”, Ms. Rimsha Imtiaz (2016).
- “Impact of Domestic Financing on the Renewable Energy Consumption”, Mr. Muhammad Hasnain (2016).
- “Urbanization, Economic Growth & Energy Consumption in Pakistan”, Ms. Sehrish Kanwal (2016).
- “Student performance, teacher expectation & Pygmalion effect”, Ms. Ayesha Javed (2016).
- “Effect of Foreign Aid on GDP Growth of Pakistan”, Ms. Ammara Riaz (2015).
- “Impact of Terrorism on FDI Inflows of Pakistan”, Ms. Zainab Yousuf (2015).
- “Foreign aid and fiscal Behavior of Government of Pakistan”, Mr. Adeel Raza (2015).