Primary Sources
“Crime: Black Legion.” TIME, 1 June 1936, https://time.com/archive/6755397/crime-black-legion/.
The Detroit Tribune, 1 May 1936 - 31 Dec. 1936, https://www.loc.gov/collections/chronicling-america/.
Evening Star, 1 May 1936 - 31 Dec. 1936, https://www.loc.gov/collections/chronicling-america/.
“Murder Plot Told Black Legion Jury.” The New York Times, 13 Sept. 1936, p. 13, https://timesmachine. nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/09/13/issue.html.
Spivak, John. “Who Backs the Black Legion?” New Masses, vol. 19, no. 11, 9 June 1936, pp. 9–10, www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/new-masses/1936/v19n11-jun-09-1936-NM.pdf.
UCLA Charles E. Young Research Library Department of Special Collections. “Police Officer Stands with R.F. McGarry, Member of the Black Legion Secret Society, Los Angeles, 1936,” Digital.library.ucla.edu, digital.library.ucla.edu/catalog/ark:/21198/zz00288c5w. Accessed 30 Nov. 2025.
United Automobile Worker, 1 May 1936 - 31 Dec. 1936, https://www.loc.gov/collections/chronicling- america/.
Washington Daily News, 1 May 1936 - 31 Dec. 1936, https://www.loc.gov/collections/chronicling- america/.
The Washington Times, 1 May 1936 - 31 Dec. 1936, https://www.loc.gov/collections/chronicling- america/.
Wayne State University Library System. “Collection Overeview.” Https://Wayne.edu/, 2025, wayne. contentdm.oclc.org/digital/search/searchterm/black%20legion/page/1.
Secondary Sources
African American Registry. “The Black Legion Is Formed.” African American Registry, aaregistry.org/ story/the-black-legion-formed/.
Amann, Peter H. “Vigilante Fascism: The Black Legion as an American Hybrid.” Comparative
Studies in Society and History, vol. 25, no. 3, 1983, pp. 490–524. JSTOR,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/178625.
American Film Institute. “Black Legion.” Afi.com, 2021, catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/835.
American Film Institute. “Legion of Terror.” Afi.com, 2021, catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/8573.
Bak, Richard. “The Dark Days of the Black Legion.” Hour Detroit Magazine, 23 Feb. 2009, www.hourdetroit .com/community/the-dark-days-of-the-black-legion/.
Fronczak, Joseph. “OAH | the Fascist Game: A Conversation on the Origins of the American Modern Right.” Oah.org, Feb. 2019, www.oah.org/process/fronczak-fascism/.
Harr, Monetta. “Peek through Time: Jackson Prison Was a City within a City.” Mlive, 4 Dec. 2010, www.mlive.com/living/jackson/2010/12/peek_through_time_jackson_pris.html.
Stanton, Tom. “Violent Secret Society Plagued 1930s Detroit.” The Detroit News, 2 June 2016, www.detroit news.com/story/opinion/2016/06/01/violent-secret-society-plagued-detroit/85268756/?gnt-cfr=1&gca-cat=p&gca-uir=true&gca-epti=z114339d00----v114339b0048xxd004865&gca-ft=165&gca-ds=sophi.
Stateside Staff. “How a 1936 Murder Exposed and Destroyed a Notorious Michigan Hate Group.” Michigan Public, 28 Feb. 2017, www.michiganpublic.org/families-community/2017-02-28/ how-a-1936-murder-exposed-and-destroyed-a-notorious-michigan-hate-group.
The New York Public Library. “Collection Overview of John Preston Davis Papers.” Archives.nypl.org, archives.nypl.org/scm/20561.