Mathematics and numeracy are important and rational for children because:

• They help them develop logical and mathematical thinking skills that are essential for reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making.

• They enhance their learning and understanding of other subjects, such as science, engineering, technology, and art, by providing them with the tools and concepts to explore and explain phenomena and patterns.

• They foster their creativity and curiosity by challenging them to discover and investigate new ideas and relationships using different methods and representations.

• They build their confidence and competence by enabling them to apply their skills and knowledge to real-life situations and tasks.

• They prepare them for the future by equipping them with the numeracy skills and attitudes that are required for the digital and global society.

• 0-2 years: Provide children with sensory materials, such as blocks, balls, or tubes, that they can manipulate and observe. Encourage them to notice the different shapes, sizes, colors, and textures of the materials. Ask them questions about how they can stack, roll, or connect the materials.

• 2-3 years: Provide children with simple mathematical challenges, such as sorting, counting, or matching, that they can solve using different materials. Encourage them to try different ideas, test their solutions, and compare the results. Ask them questions about what they did and why they think it works.

• 3-5 years: Provide children with mathematical projects, such as making a pattern, a shape, or a number, that they can design and create using different materials and tools. Encourage them to use their imagination, creativity, and problem-solving skills to complete the projects. Ask them questions about what they learned and how they can improve their work.

• 6-8 years: Provide children with mathematical activities, such as measuring, estimating, or graphing, that they can plan and execute using different technologies. Encourage them to use the features and functions of the technologies to enhance their products, systems, or processes. Ask them questions about what they want to achieve and how they can do it effectively.

Inquiry-based learning: This is the approach of engaging students in asking questions, conducting investigations, collecting and analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and communicating their findings. Inquiry-based learning can help students develop mathematical skills, knowledge, and attitudes.

Project-based learning: This is the approach of involving students in authentic and meaningful projects that require them to apply their mathematical understanding and skills to solve real-world problems or challenges. Project-based learning can help students develop creative thinking, collaboration, and communication skills.

Design thinking: This is the process of solving problems or creating products by using a balance of empathy, creativity, and rationality. Design thinking can help students develop human-centered, innovative, and feasible solutions.

Challenge-based learning: This is the approach of challenging students to identify and address a significant problem or issue that affects their lives or communities. Challenge-based learning can help students develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and civic engagement skills.

Flipped classroom: This is the approach of reversing the traditional order of instruction by delivering the content online before the class and using the class time for active learning activities. Flipped classroom can help students prepare for the class, engage in the class, and apply their learning after the class.