• Language and Literacy are forms of creative expression that allow children to explore their words, meanings, and stories.

• Language and Literacy can help children to develop various skills, such as cognitive, communication, social, and emotional skills.

• Language and Literacy can foster creativity in children by providing them with opportunities to create and express their own texts, such as poems, stories, letters, or jokes, and to appreciate and respond to different texts, such as books, magazines, or websites.

• Language and Literacy can enhance children’s learning and motivation by making it more fun, engaging, and meaningful.

• Language and Literacy can promote children’s cultural awareness and appreciation by exposing them to diverse forms of language and literacy and their origins.

• 0-2 years: Provide children with simple books, such as board books, cloth books, or picture books, that they can look at and touch. Encourage them to listen and respond to the sounds and words in the books. Praise their efforts and ask them questions about the books.

• 2-3 years: Provide children with a variety of labels, signs, or posters, such as alphabet, numbers, colors, or shapes, that they can see and recognize. Encourage them to repeat and memorize the words and symbols on the labels, signs, or posters. Display the labels, signs, or posters and ask them to talk about what they see and know.

• 3-5 years: Provide children with a language and literacy area, such as a corner, a table, or a shelf, that they can use to make and write their own language and literacy texts, such as cards, letters, or stories. Encourage them to use their imagination and creativity to make something new or different. Ask them to tell a story about their texts and what they represent.

• 6-8 years: Provide children with access to digital technologies, such as tablets, computers, or keyboards, that they can use to create and print their own language and literacy texts, such as poems, jokes, or blogs. Encourage them to use the features and functions of the technologies to enhance their texts, such as editing, adding images, or fonts. Ask them to share their texts with others and explain their process and purpose.

Reading aloud: Reading books, stories, poems, or other texts aloud to students. Introduces new vocabulary, grammar, and comprehension skills.

Shared reading: Reading texts together with students, using enlarged texts, charts, or interactive whiteboards. Supports students’ fluency, accuracy, and confidence.

Guided reading: Reading texts in small groups with students who have similar reading levels and needs. Provides differentiated instruction, feedback, and scaffolding.

Independent reading: Reading texts individually by students, using texts that match their interests and abilities. Promotes students’ autonomy, motivation, and enjoyment.

Writing workshop: Writing texts in a process-oriented approach, involving planning, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing. Fosters students’ imagination, creativity, and expression.

Shared writing: Writing texts together with students, using enlarged texts, charts, or interactive whiteboards. Models writing strategies, conventions, and skills.

Guided writing: Writing texts in small groups with students who have similar writing levels and needs. Provides differentiated instruction, feedback, and scaffolding.

Independent writing: Writing texts individually by students, using texts that match their purposes and audiences. Promotes students’ autonomy, motivation, and enjoyment.

Language experience: Using students’ oral language as a basis for creating texts. Supports students’ language, literacy, and content development.

Dialogic reading: Engaging students in interactive and dialogic reading of texts, using prompts such as open-ended questions, expansions, and recasts. Enhances students’ oral language, comprehension, and critical thinking.

Multimodal literacy: Integrating multiple modes of communication, such as words, images, sounds, gestures, or movements, in creating and interpreting texts. Expands students’ literacy repertoire and multimodal competence.

Digital literacy: Using digital technologies, such as tablets, computers, or keyboards, to create and access texts, such as blogs, podcasts, or videos. Develops students’ digital skills, literacy practices, and participation in online communities.