The Recycling Universe
The Earth
‘The Earth, as a system, is open to radiation from the sun and space, but is practically closed with regard to matter. As all closed systems, it follows the law of conservation of mass which states that matter cannot be created nor destroyed, thus, the matter, although transformed and migrated, remains the same as when the Earth was formed. The Earth system contains seven different reservoirs that are separated into surface reservoirs, which include atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, pedosphere, and lithosphere and the isolated reservoirs that include deep Earth and outer space. Geochemical cycles are concerned with the interactions between deep earth which consists of Earth´s mantle and core, and the lithosphere which consists of the Earth´s crust.’
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemical_cycle
‘In Earth science, a geochemical cycle is the pathway that chemical elements take in the surface and crust of the Earth. The term "geochemical" tells us that geological and chemical factors are all included. The migration of heated and compressed chemical elements and compounds such as silicon, aluminum, and general alkali metals through the means of subduction and volcanism is known in the geological world as geochemical cycles...
The geochemical cycle encompasses the natural separation and concentration of elements and heat-assisted recombination processes. Changes may not be apparent over a short term, such as with biogeochemical cycles, but over long-term changes of great magnitude occur, including the evolution of continents and oceans.’
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemical_cycle
‘The Earth system (including the Earth and its atmosphere) is an assemblage of atoms of the 92 natural elements. Almost all of these atoms have been present in the Earth system since the formation of the Earth 4.5 billion years ago by gravitational accretion of a cloud of gases and dust. Subsequent inputs of material from extra-terrestrial sources such as meteorites have been relatively unimportant. Escape of atoms to outer space is prevented by gravity except for the lightest atoms (H, He), and even for those it is extremely slow. Thus, the assemblage of atoms composing the Earth system has been roughly conserved since the origin of the Earth. The atoms, in the form of various molecules, migrate continually between the different reservoirs of the Earth system. Geochemical cycling refers to the flow of elements through the Earth's reservoirs; the term underlines the cyclical nature of the flow in a closed system.’
Source: http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap6.html
‘In a closed (thermodynamic) system, no mass may be transferred in or out of the system boundaries. The system always contains the same amount of matter, but heat and work can be exchanged across the boundary of the system. Whether a system can exchange heat, work, or both is dependent on the property of its boundary.’
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system#Open_system
The Earth is a chemical element, atom, quantum recycling system.
Non-Life, Geology is chemical element, atom, quantum recycling systems in relation to the Earth.
‘In an open (thermodynamic) system, there is an exchange of energy and matter between the system and the surroundings.’
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system#Open_system
Humans are an open thermodynamic system that exchanges energy and matter with their surroundings, the Earth.
Life, Humans are chemical element, atom, quantum recycling systems in relation to the Earth.
‘Studies at the Oak Ridge Atomic Research Center have revealed that about 98 percent of all the atoms in a human body are replaced every year. You get a new suit of skin every month and a new liver every six weeks. The lining of your stomach lasts only five days before it’s replaced. Even your bones are not the solid, stable, concrete-like things you might have thought them to be: They are undergoing constant change. The bones you have today are different from the bones you had a year ago. Experts in this area of research have concluded that there is a complete, 100 percent turnover of atoms in the body at least every five years. In other words, not one single atom present in your body today was there five years ago.’
‘Tracer studies show that the atomic turnover in our bodies is quite rapid and quite complete. For example, in a week or two half of the sodium atoms that are now in our bodies will be replaced by other sodium atoms. The case is similar for hydrogen and phosphorus. Even half of the carbon atoms will be replaced in a month or two. And so, the story goes for nearly all the elements. Indeed, it has been shown that in a year approximately 98 percent of the atoms in us now will be replaced by other atoms that we take in in our air, food, and drink.’
Source: Radioisotopes — New Keys to Knowledge by Paul C. Aebersold Director, Isotopes Division, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Oak Ridge, Tenn. source:
‘Such experiments clearly prove that our body processes are continually breaking clown and building up organic molecules. The breaking down process or degradation of complex molecules releases the energy which is necessary for proper functioning of our bodies. It also furnishes some of the less complex components of our tissue. A fine balance is maintained between the degradation to obtain energy and the synthesis to make new organic molecules for our body's needs.’
Source: Radioisotopes — New Keys to Knowledge by Paul C. Aebersold Director, Isotopes Division, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Oak Ridge, Tenn. source:
‘A 70 kg body would have approximately 7*1027 atoms. That is, 7 followed by 27 zeros:
7,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000’
Source: https://education.jlab.org/qa/mathatom_04.html
98% of this number would be 6.86e+27 atoms.
6,860,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms replaced per year in a 70kg human being.
7,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms replaced every five years in a 70 kg human being.
‘Worldwide, the average life expectancy at birth was 71.5 years.’
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy
71.5 years.
626,340 hours
37,580,400 minutes
2,254,824,000 seconds
Over a human lifetime of 71.5 years 6.86e+27 atoms replaced equates to 4.9049e+29 atoms.
490,490,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms being replaced in a 70 kg human beings’ lifetime.
7.8310502e+23 per hour
1.305175e+22 per minute
2.1752917e+20 per second
9.0979576e+72 Per 1 Planck time unit (5.39121e-44 seconds)
The human being is not a fixed ‘thing’, energy location, fixed matter location in time.
They are a quantum distribution fluctuating out of a quantum field.
Universe.
‘it is estimated that the there are between 1078 to 1082 atoms in the known, observable universe. In layman’s terms, that works out to between ten quadrillion vigintillion and one-hundred thousand quadrillion vigintillion atoms.’
Source: https://www.universetoday.com/36302/atoms-in-the-universe/
If a human being consists of 7*1027 atoms out of the 1082 atoms in the known, observable universe.
Then human being must be using 7e-53% of the atoms in the Universe to exist currently.
The Number of Atoms Being Recycled
‘Atoms are so numerous that if we do that same style of math for the air in each of our lungs right now, we'd find that approximately one atom in everyone's lungs, at any moment, was in Caesar's (or Lenin's, or George Washington's, or Alexandre Dumas') lungs as they exhaled their final breath. The air and water molecules get evenly distributed rather quickly and easily, meaning that you probably have a molecule or two of air in your lungs right now that was in any other living human's lungs a decade ago. But the carbon, nitrogen, calcium and more is much less evenly distributed, so you might have millions or billions of those atoms from your historical figure of choice, or you might have none at all. (King Tut, having been mummified, would have had his water and his air returned to the larger Earth, but not his carbon or nitrogen.)
Think of this the next time you take in a deep breath or have a drink of water: you're likely breathing or drinking in a small part of air or water that you've shared with every human being and most earthly creatures ever to live. At an atomic level, we're all connected more deeply than most of us will ever realize.’
Source: https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2016/05/14/ask-ethan-how-many-atoms-do-you-share-with-king-tut/#77f471f371a5
In the Observable Universe
The Mass of the Observable Universe is
Ordinary matter is = 4.9% = 4.5 e+51 kg = 2e+78 atoms.
1% = = 9.18e+50 kg = 4e+77 atoms.
Hydrogen forms 74% of the 4.9% the ordinary matter.
Divide the mass of ordinary matter by the mass of a hydrogen atom (4.5e+517053144999999999999♠4.5e+514.5 kg divided by 6973167000000000000♠1.67e-27 kg). The result is approximately 2e+78 hydrogen atoms.
Divide the mass of ordinary matter by the mass of a hydrogen atom (4.5e+517053144999999999999♠4.5e+514.5 kg divided by 6973167000000000000♠ 6.6464764e-27 kg). The result is approximately 6.77e+77 helium atoms.
If 4.9% = 2e+78 atoms.
and 1% = 4e+77 atoms.
Dark Matter = 26.8% = 2.46e+52 kg = 1e+79 atoms.
Dark Energy = 68.3% = 6.26e+52 kg = 2.73e+79 atoms.
Total mass = 4.5 e+51 + 2.46e+52 + 6.26e+52 = 9.18e+52 kg
Total number of possible atoms = 3.93e+79 atoms.
Divide the total mass by the mass of a hydrogen atom (9.18e+52 kg divided by 6973167000000000000♠1.67e-27 kg). The result is approximately 2e+78 to 5.49e+79 hydrogen atoms.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable_universe#Mass_of_ordinary_matter
Up to 5.49e+79 hydrogen atoms have been recycled.
It took 380,000 years; after the Big Bang; for electrons to be trapped in orbits around nuclei, forming the first atoms.
Source: https://home.cern/science/physics/early-universe (italics added)
2e+78 hydrogen atoms.
6.77e+77 helium atoms.
Up to 2.677e+78 hydrogen and helium atoms have been recycled since the beginning of the Universe.
‘1.6 million years later, gravity began to form stars and galaxies from clouds of gas. Heavier atoms such as carbon, oxygen and iron, have since been continuously produced in the hearts of stars and catapulted throughout the universe in spectacular stellar explosions called supernovae.’
Source: https://home.cern/science/physics/early-universe
The first stars formed approx. 1.6million years ago.
The Rate of Star Formation and Atom Recycling
‘Therefore, we get on average about one new star per year, and one star dying each year as a planetary nebula in the Milky Way. These rates are different in different types of galaxies, but you can say that this is roughly the average over all galaxies in the Universe. We estimate at about 100 billion the number of galaxies in the observable Universe, therefore there are about 100 billion stars being born and dying each year, which corresponds to about 275 million per day, in the whole observable Universe.’
Source: http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/83-the-universe/stars-and-star-clusters/star-formation-and-molecular-clouds/400-how-many-stars-are-born-and-die-each-day-beginner
The rate of stars forming and dying per year is approx. 100,000,000,000 per year.
In the Sun
The sun weighs 1.989 × 10^30 kg
The atomic mass of hydrogen (the majority of the sun’s mass) is 1.00794 which means a mole — 6.022e+23 atoms — of hydrogen weighs 1.00794 grams.
So, converting the sun’s weight to grams gives us 1.989e+33 g.
That means there are 1.973317e+33 moles of hydrogen in the sun or ~1.1883315e+57 atoms.
Source: https://www.quora.com/How-many-atoms-fit-in-the-sun
1.1883315e+57 atoms have been recycled through the Sun.
Allowing for the rate of star formation and death per year and using the number of atoms produced through a star of the type of our Sun.
1.1883315e+57 atoms x 100,000,000,000 per year = 1.19e+68 atoms being recycled per year.
In the Earth
The Earth weighs 6e+24 kg (that’s 600,000,000,000,000,000,000,0000 kg).
The Earth is 30% iron, 30% oxygen, 15% silicon and 15% magnesium (roughly).
The atomic mass of iron is 55 g (ie.1 mole of iron atoms weigh 55g), oxygen is 16g, silicon is 28g and magnesium 24g.
1 mole of atoms is 6e+23 atoms.
2e+24 kg of iron, or 4e+25 moles (mass/mass of a mole) or 2e+49 atoms of iron.
2 e+24 kg of oxygen, or 1e+26 moles, or 6e+49 atoms of oxygen.
1e+24 kg of silicon, or 2e+49 atoms of silicon.
1e+24 kg of magnesium, or 2e+49 atoms of magnesium.
Total 1e+50 atoms.
Source: Google Search
Source: http://www.universetoday.com/15048/what-is-the-earth-made-of/
Source: https://spacem12.imascientist.org.uk/question/how-many-atoms-are-there-in-the-world
1e+50 atoms are being recycled in the Earth.
In a Human Being
A typical human of 70 kg, accounts for 7e+27 atoms (that's a 7 followed by 27 zeros!)
Of this, almost 2/3 is hydrogen, 1/4 is oxygen, and about 1/10 is carbon.
These three atoms add up to 99% of the total.
Source: https://www.quora.com/How-many-atoms-are-there-in-the-human-body
7e+27 atoms are being recycled per year in a human being.
In a Human Cell.
Between 1 and 200 trillion. Up to 2e+14 atoms.
Source: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/n61xz/how_many_atoms_on_average_are_in_a_human_cell_is/
"There are between 50 and 75 trillion cells in the body.... Each type of cell has its own life span, and when a human dies it may take hours or day before all the cells in the body die." (Forensic investigators take advantage of this vaguely morbid fact when determining the cause and time of death of homicide victims.) Red blood cells live for about four months, while white blood cells live on average more than a year. Skin cells live about two or three weeks. Colon cells have it rough: They die off after about four days. Sperm cells have a life span of only about three days, while brain cells typically last an entire lifetime (neurons in the cerebral cortex, for example, are not replaced when they die).’
Source: https://www.livescience.com/33179-does-human-body-replace-cells-seven-years.html
In terms of total atoms per total number of cells in the human body = 75e+14 x 2.14e+14
Per cell 2e+14 atoms are being recycled.
Per total number of cells 1.605e+30 atoms are being recycled.
In terms of timescales between 3 days and 1 year. 1.605e+30 atoms are being recycled.
In all life on Earth.
‘The total number of DNA base pairs on Earth, as a possible approximation of global biodiversity, is estimated at 5.3±3.6e+37, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4e+12 tonnes of carbon.’
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)
In DNA base pairs.
A base pair has about 70 atoms in it.
Humans DNA contains 23 chromosomes, containing roughly 3 billion base pairs. therefore…
Average number of atoms per human chromosome = 3 billion x 70/23
= about 8.5 billion atoms per chromosome.
I’m ignoring any water, protein molecules etc. that are not part of the DNA molecule itself.
Source: https://www.quora.com/How-many-atoms-rough-guess-are-in-a-chromosome-And-what-elements-would-they-be-mainly
For 5.3±3.6e+37 base pairs = 70 x 5.3e+37 = 3.71e+39 atoms.
In tonnes compared to number of atoms in a human being.
A 70 kg human being weighs 0.07 tonnes.
1 human being contains 7e+27 atoms.
The total number of human beings would have 7.7e+9 x 7e+27 = 5.39e+37 atoms
Source: http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/
50 billion tonnes would; at the atomic density of a human being; contain 50e+9 x 7e+27 = 3.5e+38 atoms.
In tonnes of Carbon.
Given weight= 1,000,000g
Atomic weight of carbon = 12g
No. of moles = given weight / atomic weight = 1,000,000 / 12 = 83,333 mol
Now, no. of moles = No. of atoms / Avogadro's number also.
Therefore, 83,333 = No. of atoms / 6.02e+23 No. of atoms = 5e+28 atoms
Source: https://www.quora.com/How-many-atoms-are-present-in-24g-Carbon-sample
Up to 3.71e+39 atoms are being recycled per year.
The pattern emerging from the data is that the number of atoms being recycled at each scale is decreasing.
If all of the systems; including the universe; are considered as closed thermodynamic systems then this is consistent with the universe spreading out as an energy field, increasing in volume and reducing in density, mass, interaction, recycling ability by the sharing or exchange of electrons and photon interaction.
Totaling up all calculations up to 1e+50 atoms are being recycled per year on Earth.
Humans account for 7e+27 / 1e+50 x 100 = 7e-21% of the total number of atoms on Earth being recycled per year.
Life accounts for 3.71e+39 / 1e+50 x 100 3.71e-9 % of the total number of atoms on Earth being recycled per year.
The mass of the crust; on which life propagates is only 1% of the total mass of the Earth.
Source: https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/interior/
Earth's mass is about 6e+24 kg. That puts the live biomass-to-Earth mass ratio at about 1.6e−9, which is about one ten millionth of a percent—or, approximately zero.
Source: https://www.quora.com/What-percentage-of-the-Earths-mass-is-alive
The geological rates of recycling are much slower but involve far greater numbers of atoms being recycled at one time.
The limited environment, resources and energy of the Earth as a closed thermodynamic system indicate an eventual geological depletion point. This end date is being reduced due to human; high density atomic systems; interacting with the environment at higher than natural timescales through technology; artificial evolution. This will not change the geological nature of the Earth; the Earth will survive until the Sun dies. It will change the Biosphere of the Earths; as an atomic system; ability to survive.
There must be forced depletion of environment, resources and energy by humans to exist at a macro, atomic and quantum scale.
Conclusions
The Earth is a chemical element, atom, quantum recycling system.
Non-Life, Geology is chemical element, atom, quantum recycling systems in relation to the Earth.
Humans are an open thermodynamic system that exchanges energy and matter with their surroundings, the Earth.
Life, Humans are chemical element, atom, quantum recycling systems in relation to the Earth.
The human being is not a fixed ‘thing’, energy location, fixed matter location in time.
They are a quantum distribution fluctuating out of a quantum field.
Up to 5.49e+79 hydrogen atoms have been recycled.
Up to 2.677e+78 hydrogen and helium atoms have been recycled since the beginning of the Universe.
The first stars formed approx. 1.6million years ago.
The rate of stars forming and dying per year is approx. 100,000,000,000 per year.
1.1883315e+57 atoms have been recycled through the Sun.
Allowing for the rate of star formation and death per year and using the number of atoms produced through a star of the type of our Sun.
1.1883315e+57 atoms x 100,000,000,000 per year = 1.19e+68 atoms being recycled per year.
1e+50 atoms are being recycled in the Earth.
7e+27 atoms are being recycled per year in a human being.
Per cell 2e+14 atoms are being recycled.
Per total number of cells 1.605e+30 atoms are being recycled.
In terms of timescales between 3 days and 1 year. 1.605e+30 atoms are being recycled.
The limited environment, resources and energy of the Earth as a closed thermodynamic system indicate an eventual geological depletion point. This end date is being reduced due to human; high density atomic systems; interacting with the environment at higher than natural timescales through technology; artificial evolution. This will not change the geological nature of the Earth; the Earth will survive until the Sun dies. It will change the Biosphere of the Earths; as an atomic system; ability to survive.
There must be forced depletion of environment, resources and energy by humans to exist at a macro, atomic and quantum scale.
Humans cannot avoid the recycling universe and so must adopt its nature, or outdo it technologically, to optimize their survival.