Ступені порівняння прикметників та прислівників

Більшість описових прикметників та прислівників способу дії, часу в англійській мові утворюють три ступені порівняння: звичайний (позитивний), вищий (або порівняльний) та найвищий. Ступінь порівняння не утворюється від відносних, присвійних, питальних та більшості кількісних прикметниківта деяких прислівників.

• як прикметник

• Mark is fast but Bob is faster. – Марк швидкий, але Боб швидший.

• Jack is the fastest runner in our team. – Джек - найшвидший бігун в нашій команді.

• як прислівник

• He drives fast, but we can drive faster than him. – Він швидко їздить, але ми можемо їхати швидше, ніж він.

• We drive the fastest we can. – Ми їдемо настільки швидко, як тільки можемо.

Односкладові прикметники на прислівники

Односкладові прикметники та прислівники утворюють вищий та найвищий ступені порівняння за допомогою додавання до слова суфіксів -er та -est.

Якщо односкладові прикметники та прислівники закінчуються на німу букву «e», то ця буква випадає перед суфіксами -er та -est (щоб уникнути подвоєння однакових голосних).

• сute → cuter → the cutest

• pale → paler → the palest

• late → later → the latest

Двоскладові прикметники з закінченням -ow, -le, -er, -y

Двоскладові прикметники, що закінчуються на суфікси -ow, -le, -er, -y, можуть утворювати вищий та найвищий ступені порівняння як за допомогою суфіксів -er и -est, так і використовуючи слова more (більш) та (the) most (найбільш). Вибір способу утворення ступенів залежить від мовця, однак форма, що утворюється за допомогою суфіксів -er та -est зустрічається частіше з короткими словами. 

• crazy → crazier → the craziest

• crazy → more crazy →the  most crazy

• pretty → prettier → the prettiest

• pretty → more pretty →the  most pretty

• narrow → narrower → the narrowest

• narrow → more narrow →the most narrow

Прикметники quiet (тихий) та simple (простий) можуть утворювати вищий та найвищий ступінь порівняння як за допомогою суфіксів -er и -est, так і за допомогою слів more (більш) та the most (найбільш, най-).

• quiet – quieter → the quietest

• quiet → more quiet → the most quiet

• simple → simpler → the simplest

• simple → more simple → the most simple

More та most

Двоскладові та трьохскладові прикметники та прислівники (переважно з суфіксом -ly) утворюють ступені порівняння за допомогою слів more (більш) та the most (найбільш, най-).

Домашнє завдання:записати конспект правила і вивчити

Procedure

I. Greeting. Aim. 

Teacher: Good morning children. Today we are going to speak about the traditional Ukrainian clothes. A dress is a part of people’s soul. Ukrainian folk dress has an important historical and artistic meaning. Since ancient times and during its existence the dress satisfied not only the material human needs but also the spiritual ones, performing the necessary domestic, social and ceremonial functions. At our lesson, we will try to discover the mystery of our traditional vyshyvankas.

II. Brainstorming.

Look at the photo and answer the questions:

1. What does the picture show?

2. Where is the girl?

2. What is the girl wearing?

3. How does she feel?

4. Would you enjoy being in this place?

Background Information: 

This picture shows a schoolgirl wearing a traditional Ukrainian costume – a vyshyvanka and a wreath. It is the first day of the new school year. The school is getting ready to the annual festival – the Vyshyvankas Parade.

III. Reading Practice:

Task 1. Read the text about popular Ukrainian annual festival. Match the paragraphs A – D with the headings 1 – 5. There is one extra heading.

1. History

2. What is it?

3. Regional Parades

4. Preparation

5. What is symbolizes?

UKRAINIAN EMBROIDERED SHIRTS (VYSHYVANKA) PARADE

A. ____________

Ukrainian Embroidered Shirt Parade is a national festival which takes place at almost every city and town of Ukraine. This wonderful event is usually held in the end of August. It is a part of Independence Day celebrations. All patriots gather together in the biggest square of the city dressed in traditional folk costumes – vyshyvankas. Every folk costume expresses an identity which is usually associated with a geographic area or a period of time in history. It can also indicate social, marital or religious status. People also have rushnyky in their hands. They march along the streets singing Ukrainian folk songs.

B. _____________

It is a nationwide project that unites people whose heart and soul cares for their country. The main idea of this wonderful venue is to demonstrate not only the skilled craftsmanship behind Ukrainian embroidery, but also its uniqueness, beauty and deep symbolism. This event symbolizes the unity of our nation, love and respect of the folk traditions. It glorifies priceless cultural heritage of Ukrainian people in our country and abroad.

C. _______________

The first festival of Embroidered Shirts was held on 10 July, 2004 in Kyiv. Organized by Oleh Skrypka, one of Ukraine’s leading rock musicians and front man for the legendary Ukrainian rock band Vopli Vidopliasova (VV), the parade acted as a forerunner to the upcoming fifth annual “Krayina Mriy” (Land of Dreams) festival, an international ethnic festival founded by Mr. Skrypka and scheduled to take place in Kyiv on June 21-22. There were concerts and exhibitions too. From that time on it became an annual event. 

D. ______________

There is a parade at every regional centre of Ukraine. This parade has become one of the favourite festivals in Poltava, the spiritual capital of Ukraine. The Parade starts at Sobornyy Maidan. A lot of young people dressed in Ukrainian national vyshyvankas walk along the main street of the city to the Theatre Square. The colours and ornaments of their embroidered shirts are traditional for Eastern and central Ukraine. In the Poltava Region, the colors usually include pale blue, white, light ochre, pale green and gray tones. Poltava products are especially famed for their “white-on-white” and openwork embroidery. At the Theatre Square there is a concert. All folk choirs and orchestras perform their best songs. There are dancing groups too. There is also an exhibition of Ukrainian folk crafts. You can see embroidered towels, shirts and serviettes, woodwork, beading and clay work exhibited in the main street.

(Answer key: A – 2, B – 5, C – 1, D – 3).

Task 2. Answer the questions:

1. When and where is the Ukrainian Embroidered Shirt Parade held?

2. What is the main idea of the event?

3. Who organized the first parade?

4. Who takes part in it?

5. What events are included into the program?

6. Would you like to take part in the parade? Why?

Task 3.  How much do you know about the traditional Ukrainian folk clothes? Do the quiz to find out!

1. The vyshyvankas appeared

a  in the 18th century

b  in ancient times

c  in Middle ages

2. The ornaments on these shirts

a  are unique for every region

b  are similar all over Ukraine

c  have no regional features

3. The vyshyvankas are decorated with ornaments

a  all over the shirt

b  everywhere where body was open

c on the sleeves only

4. The vyshyvankas symbolize

a  beauty and wisdom

b  maturity and masculinity

c  goodness, love and kindness

(Answer Key: 1 – b, 2 – a, 3 – b, 4 – c).

Task 4. Read the article about the traditional Ukrainian costume and check your answers.

The Traditional Ukrainian Vyshyvankas

 The traditional embroidered clothes – vyshyvanka – have always been a national symbol of Ukraine.

   Vyshyvanka is a colloquial name of the traditional Ukrainian embroidered shirt. The main feature of Ukraine's national clothes is the baroque style, which manifests itself in the exaggeration of general forms. The embroidery of Ukrainian costume is rich and varied. The motives of ornaments, composition and colours were handed down from generation to generation becoming a tradition. Regional features usually found reflections in the ornaments of the shirts.

   The earliest vyshyvankas appeared in ancient times. The first embroidered clothes on the territory of the Slavic countries had religious meaning. People believed that magic ornaments protected their owners from evil. This is why shirts were decorated with patterns on the sleeves, collar and everywhere where body was open. Special decorative fabrics and different ribbons and threads of beads add festivity to garments. At first, people used to wear long shirts, and later, skirts appeared in Ukraine, which had their own peculiarities in different years.

   The vysyhyvanka was always embroidered by women, so that it had powerful emotional charge. It symbolized goodness, love and kindness. Young girls traditionally embroidered shirts for their fiancés before wedding to defend them against enemies. Babies were given embroidered shirt after birth to protect them from evil spirits.

   The vyshyvanka not only speaks of its Ukrainian origin but also of the particular region in which it was made. Traditionally, the thread was coloured according to local formulas using bark, leaves, flowers, berries and so on. In this way, the local environment is literally reflected in the colour of the embroidery. Each colour has its own meaning. People were sure that yellow brings abundance, wealth and welcomes the sun as the energy of all life on earth. The decorative patterns embroidered on the vyshyvanka can be divided into three goups as geometric, animalistic, and as symbols of beliefs and cults. For example, the floral ornament starting with a viburnum tree symbolizes the birth of the universe and immortality.

   The most common women's piece of clothes is a long embroidered shirt up to the ankles. It was belted at waist. Often the woven waistcoats with embroidery are worn. The seed beads jewellery is a must have in female costume. A wreath is one of the main elements of a Ukrainian national women's suit, as well as red boots. A wreath is a symbol of purity and youth.

   Vyshyvanka was widely used in folk costume and at home. Nowadays the shirt has taken on a special importance as a means of expressing patriotism. It is worn on special occasions like folk festivals and national celebrations. In some schools vyshivankas have become a part of the uniform.

Task 5. Read the article again and decide if these statements are T (true) or F (false).

1. The vyshyvankas have become a national symbol long ago. (T)

2. Every generation creates its own motives of ornaments for the shirt. (F)

3. The first vyshyvankas were short. (F)

4. Mothers and fathers embroidered shirts for their babies. (F)

5. Every embroidered shirt speaks about the region in which it was made. (T)

6. People coloured thread with the help of local ingredients. (T0

7. The traditional women clothes have no decorative elements. (F)

8. The vyshyvankas are now worn only at national celebrations. (F)

IV. Vocabulary Practice: 

Task 1. Label the pictures with the words from the text: boots, a wreath, seed beads jewellery, a waistcoat, a vyshyvanka, a national women's suit. 

A          B                  C   

D      E                F

(Answer Key: A - a waistcoat, B  - seed beads jewellery, C – boots, D - a vyshyvanka, E - a wreath, F - a national women's suit.) 

Task 2. Match the highlighted words from the text to the definitions:

a   clothes worn over a shirt and under a jacket

b   a repeated decorative design

c   an arrangement of flowers, leaves, or stems fastened in a ring

d   used in ordinary or familiar conversation

e   the parts of clothes that wholly or partly cover a person's arm

f   passed on to a later generation or age

g   acceptance that a statement is true or that something exists

(Answer Key: a – waistcoats, b – patterns, c - wreath, d - colloquial name, e – sleeves, f - handed down, g – beliefs)

Task 3. Complete the text using these words: handed down, colloquial name, wreath, patterns, national women's suit, sleeves, waistcoat.

   Oksana is getting ready for her school folk festival. Its (1) _____ is the Day of Embroidered Shirts. It was introduced by a student of Chernivtsi National University Lesya Voroniuk in 2007. This year Oksana is wearing a new vyshyvanka. The full-length (2) ______ are decorated with floral ornaments. The viburnum tree (3) _______ on her collar symbolize immortality. They are fragrant and beautiful. They were (4) ________ to her from her granny. The (5) ______ which she has put on over her shirt is embroidered too. Oksana is wearing an amazing (6) ________ on her head decorated with sunflowers and ribbons. She looks awesome in the (7) _________. The Day of Embroidered Shirts is an important event for every Ukrainian patriot.    The main goal of the event is preservation of Ukrainian values and their popularization among youth and country’s population in general.

(Answer Key: 1 - colloquial name, 2 – sleeves, 3 - patterns, 4 - handed down, 5 – waistcoat, 6 – wreath, 7 - national women's suit)

   V. Speaking Practice

Task1. Discuss with your partner:

- Do you wear traditional clothes? When?

- How do you fell when you wear your national dress? 

- What does the national costume mean for you?

Task 2. Project work presentation:

Project 1. 

The Symbolic Patterns of Vyshyvankas

  The vyshyvanka was widely used in folk costume and at home. The embroidery of Ukrainian costume is rich and varied. It was used to decorate women’s and men’s shirts, outerwear, headwear.

  There are about one hundred different embroidery techniques, and these vary from region to region depending on the ethnographic characteristics of the particular district of Ukraine. The patterns of embroidery are different for different regions of the country. And they are also very symbolic. There are guardian patterns, patterns that tell a specific story about the owner of the shirt, patterns that bring luck and so on.

   Each embroidery design and colour has got a different connotations and meanings, although some remain ambiguous. The floral ornament starting with a viburnum tree symbolizes the birth of the universe and immortality. Oak pattern is traditionally embroidered only on men’s shirts as the sign of masculine strength, development and force. The image of grapes mean joy and delight of family life. Poppy ornament gives protection from harm. It is often embroidered on girls’ shirts whose father had died in the war.

   The colours used to embroider ornaments have special meaning too. Red is the most frequently used on the shirts as it symbolizes the sun, good luck and protection. Green colour, used for grass and leaf patterns, is the symbol of birth and growth.

   The Vyshyvanka are usually embroidered around the sleeves and the neck. It is believed that the chest embroidery protects the human soul from destruction, decay and death.

Project 2.

National Ukrainian men's costume

   The main part of men's traditional dress in Ukraine is an embroidered shirt. There used to be a tradition for Ukrainian men: they should not take off their shirts in public. Often even their children have never seen them without a shirt. It was considered unacceptable. 

   Another required piece is trousers. They can be simple like porty made of linen cloth or more festive like sharovary. Sharovary are a kind of very wide trousers belted on the waist and collected at the bottom near the ankles. Usually, they are red or blue. Ukrainian Cossacks wore sharovary because they were considered the most convenient pants.

   Men wore sharovary either with the shirt tucked into them or narrow trousers with the shirt untucked. They always wore belts. Belts also were different. Some of them were very wide and long, sometimes several meters long, and were used with sharovary, others were narrow linen or woolen, named "krayka" meaning to belt a shirt. In addition, wide belts were made of leather and called "pas" or "cheres". People in Carpathian regions wore them.

   There are several variations of shoes in national Ukrainian costume: "postoly" (very comfortable closed-toe shoes, made of leather), "lychaky" (bast shoes but they were popular only in a few regions), boots (high, up to the knee, leather or cloth shoes, with or without heels).

   One of the main indications of Cossacks is their hair-do. They shaved their heads leaving only one strand on top of the head. This Ukrainian tradition is very old. Cossacks got their power and energy from the universe with help from that strand of hair. It was considered to work like an antenna.

VI. Summing Up.

Teacher: Our lesson comes to its end. All your projects are fantastic! Today we discovered many facts about our national clothes. We should remember that the traditional clothes is an important part of Ukrainian culture as it reflects the deep roots of our history. Wearing vyshyvankas we express our national and civic position, cultural education and spiritual consciousness. We are Ukrainians! We should preserve our customs and traditions.