Refers to a diverse array of disabilities or differences that impact learning, encompassing physical disabilities, learning disabilities, and emotional disturbances. This term recognizes that individuals with exceptionalities may require tailored support to achieve their educational goals (Smith et al., 2018).

Is a philosophy that advocates for the education of students with exceptionalities within general education settings, promoting their participation alongside typically developing peers. This approach fosters social integration and personal development, as it encourages interaction in a diverse learning environment (Hall & Odom, 2021).

Is a personalized educational plan created for students with disabilities. It delineates specific educational goals, necessary services, and accommodations to facilitate each student’s academic success (Turnbull et al., 2017).

Asserts that students with disabilities should be educated in settings that are as similar as possible to those of their non-disabled peers. This principle aims to provide educational opportunities that meet students' needs while allowing for meaningful inclusion (U.S. Department of Education, 2020). 

Involves modifications made to teaching methods, materials, or assessments to better support students with exceptionalities in accessing the curriculum. These adjustments are crucial for enabling equitable learning experiences and ensuring that all students can participate fully in their education (Thompson et al., 2019).