Module 2

Tone and Style; Collaborations/Authorship Credit and Order; Ethics of Publishing

Reading

• Write it Up (Chapter 1-3)

  • Chapter 1; Chapter 2; Chapter 3

• Stylish Academic Writing (Chapters 1-3)

  • Chapter 1; Chapter 2; Chapter 3

• If you have not received your textbook yet, we make Chapters 1 to 3 available electronically. Obtain your own textbook copies ASAP. Due to the copyright issues, we are not allowed to make other chapters available to the class. To access these chapters, you are required to log in your NAU account to access them.

Discussion

• Discussion #1: Discussion on journal choice

• Grade: 4 Points

• Requirements

  • Monday-Thursday: Post your initial responses to the discussion questions AND share your template with the class (a link or an attachment)

  • Friday-Sunday: At least one response to others' postings

• Tasks

  • Examine journal choice

• Complete the Journal Choice template

  • View: Journal Choice template

  • Download: Journal Choice template

• Discussion Question

  • Why did you select these three journals?

  • Which journal you may consider submitting your manuscript? Why?

  • Share your Journal Choice file with the class.

Assignment

• Start creating your manuscript (suggested work – gather together and organize all your literature, create your section outline, write the abstract, create the title page, determine approximate word count for each section)

• Our classmates are in different stages of the doctoral program. If you have any existing class writing, dissertation chapters, or other manuscripts, feel free to use them for our assignments and turn them into publishable manuscripts. You do not start from scratch.

  • Using existing writing/study

    • Feel free to use them.

    • Manuscript writing is different from class assignment writing, dissertation writing, grant writing etc. You will need to follow our assignment requirements to update and revise your existing writing.

    • If your existing writing doesn't have method, results, discussion, and conclusion sections, see the instructions below "Start from scratch."

  • Start from scratch

    • Not recommended since it is very time consuming. Unless you do not have any to start with.

    • Come up a research topic.

    • Conduct a thorough literature review

    • You have different options to turn your literature review into a more publishable manuscript. These options may not apply to your cases since it depends on what you find from your literature review, and your knowledge in the research topic.

    • Option A: Propose a study

      • Propose your research questions.

      • Method section:

        • Propose a research method to answer your research questions.

      • Results section:

        • Discuss the anticipated results, more like your assumption.

      • Discussion section:

        • Discuss how this anticipated result may be critical to the research topic.

        • Limitation or weaknesses

      • Conclusion section:

        • Conclude & summarize your manuscript.

    • Option B: Propose a Conceptual Framework

      • Method section

        • Explain your proposed conceptual framework or construct

        • Provide references to support your arguments

        • If relevant, you can draw a figure, a chart etc. to represent your conceptual framework

      • Discussion section

        • Explain the role & the meaning of this proposed conceptual framework

        • What does it mean to different stakeholders: educators, researchers, practitioners etc.

        • Limitation or weaknesses

      • Conclusion section

        • Conclude & summarize your manuscript.

    • Option C: Propose a model

      • Method section

        • Explain your proposed model

        • Provide references to support your arguments

        • If relevant, you can draw a figure, a chart etc. to represent your model

      • Discussion section

        • Explain the role & the meaning of this proposed conceptual framework

        • What does it mean to different stakeholders: educators, researchers, practitioners etc.

        • Limitation or weaknesses

        • If relevant, you can provide a practical guide based on your proposed model

          • EX: You may propose a practical guide for mobile learning practical guide for classroom teachers etc.

      • Conclusion section

        • Conclude & summarize your manuscript.

    • A manuscript without actual methodology, and results sections has many possibilities to be written as publishable manuscript. Feel free to contact me for further assistance.

Co-Authorship and Research Ethics

You and your team can discuss these questions below. These activities will not be graded. Your team can decide your team likes to do it individually or as a group. Regardless which way your group decides, you do not need to turn in anything.

• Co-Authorship

  • “Individuals should only take authorship credit for work they have actually performed or to which they have substantially contributed” (APA manual, pp. 18)

    • What is a substantial contribution?

    • How do you determine who gets credit and the authorship order?

• How to Determine Co-Authorship

  • Decide early in the process. Don’t wait to decide until the manuscript is written

  • Decide both who is an author and authorship order

  • Have the conversation – it might be awkward, but it is necessary to avoid assumptions

• What Is a Substantial Contribution?

  • Varies by team, but could include:

    • Doing a substantial portion of the manuscript writing, such as writing the introduction and literature review

    • Designing, and planning the study/directing the study (such as is commonly done by a P.I. on a grant)

    • Doing all the data analysis for the study

    • Being involved in all aspects of the study (design, data collection, analysis, writing)

    • Substantial mentoring throughout a project, such as is typical by a dissertation advisor

    • (Note: being the dissertation advisor is not a guarantee of publication rights and definitely not a warrant for first authorship credit)

• What is Not a Substantial Contribution?

  • Paying for the study

  • Participating in some data collection or supporting data analysis

  • Doing data entry

  • Editing

  • Providing advice on the design

  • Being the author’s mentor/advisor/committee member

  • Being the dean, department chair, or some other person in a position of power

  • Being the author’s friend/partner/officemate

  • Needing publications

• How to Get the Writing Done as a Team

  • Different teams have different styles, but generally, the first author:

    • Takes responsibility for most of the work

    • Conceptualized and planned the study

    • Writes the first complete draft, and manages the publication process (submission, etc)

    • When writing up a dissertation, is the student

• Do’s and Don’ts of Collaborative Writing

  • Do:

    • Determine authorship credit and order early on

    • Divide work early on

    • Determine who will be point of contact for journal submission & correspondence

    • Work together to determine best publication venue

    • Build in time for collaborative review

    • Listen to your co-authors, even if you don’t like what they have to say

    • Create archived versions of drafts before peer editing

    • Create a centralized file for editing

    • Try to be timely and responsive to co-authors

  • Don’t:

    • Lead people to believe they are your coauthors when they are not

    • Take advantage of people over whom you hold a position of power

    • Fail to meet your commitments

    • Horde documents

    • Provide shabby feedback

    • Create multiple versions of the “live” files

    • Split up the work in ways that lead to confusion or fragmentation

    • Fiddle with files after you send them to your co-authors for their contribution

Ethics

• General Ethical Guidelines

  1. Make sure your work has ethics approval from IRB

  2. Represent your work accurately, don’t try to cover up errors or mislead your reader about what you did

  3. Don’t salami slice – try to be parsimonious in how you represent your work

  4. .Don’t submit the same work to multiple places at the same time

  5. Do retain your data and share de-identified data with other researchers, as appropriate

  6. Be honest about whether your study is part of a larger study (mention this in the paper)

  7. Report your results clearly and accurately

  8. Avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism

  9. Disclose conflicts of interest

Finding a Journal

• Worked Example

  • Aims and Scope from Teaching and Teacher Education:

    • Teaching and Teacher Education is an international journal concerned primarily with teachers, teaching, or teacher education situated in an international perspective or in an international context.

    • Teaching and Teacher Education is a multidisciplinary journal, committed to no single approach, discipline, methodology or paradigm. It is concerned with teaching and teacher education in general and devoted to all concerned with teaching.

    • Teaching and Teacher Education recognizes that many disciplines have important contributions to make to teaching and teacher education and the Editors invite contributions from them. In the absence of any dominant paradigm, the journal welcomes varied approaches to empirical research, theoretical and conceptual analyses, and reviews (both qualitative and quantitative syntheses) of high quality.

    • Teaching and Teacher Education aims to enhance theory, research, and practice in teaching and teacher education through the publication of primary research and review papers. The Journal does not publish unsolicited Book Reviews.

    • https://www.journals.elsevier.com/teaching-and-teacher-education/