Well-maintained brakes generate maximum friction, allowing the vehicle to slow down quickly. Worn pads, damaged rotors, or low brake fluid reduce braking power, increasing stopping distance.

The time it takes for hydraulic pressure to build and brakes to engage affects how quickly the vehicle slows down. Issues like air in brake lines or faulty master cylinders delay response, lengthening stopping distance.

Overheated brakes lose effectiveness, drastically increasing stopping distances, especially during long descents or repeated braking.

ABS prevents wheel lockup, allowing the driver to maintain steering control during hard braking and reducing stopping distance on slippery surfaces.

The faster the vehicle is moving, the longer the stopping distance. Stopping distance increases exponentially with speed.

Wet, icy, or uneven roads reduce tire grip and increase stopping distance.

Worn or improperly inflated tires decrease traction, causing longer stopping distances.

Varies by alertness, fatigue, and distractions, influencing perception distance.