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The Department of Pathological Anatomy of the Bogomolets National Medical University is one of the oldest and most authoritative in Ukraine. For many decades, the department has been a leading scientific and methodological center in the field of pathological anatomy, which trains high-level specialists. The study of pathology and pathological anatomy in Kyiv began at the Medical Faculty of Saint Volodymyr's Imperial University of Kyiv, which was opened in 1841. The medical faculty was created by reorganizing the Vilnius Medical and Surgical Academy, which was closed in 1840. Formally, the School of Medicine traces its origins to the Faculty of Medicine of the Academy and University of the Jesuit Society of Vilnius, founded in 1644. On July 15, 1842, the Statute of the Medical Faculty of the Imperial University of St. Volodymyr was approved, which provided for a separate department of "physiology of the sick person or pathological physiology, with pathological anatomy", which was the first in the Russian Empire. From 1841 to 1869, the discipline “General Pathology” was taught at the School of Medicine. The department began its work in the 1845/46 academic year. The department was headed by Professor of Descriptive Anatomy Mykola Kozlov (30.11.1814-29.10.1889), a student of the outstanding surgeon, anatomist, professor Mykola Pirogov. Mykola Kozlov's scientific and pedagogical activities were characterized by versatility. He also taught pathology, pharmacology, pathological chemistry, and the history of medicine, but pathological anatomy occupied an important place among his scientific interests; he founded the pathological anatomical museum at Kyiv University. He was the first in the Russian Empire to introduce histochemical analysis for in-depth study of pathological processes. His scientific works are devoted to anatomy and military medicine. For 30 years he edited the Military Medical Journal. In January 1854, Professor Kozlov was appointed vice-director of the medical department of the government in St. Petersburg.
Mykola Kozlov's colleague and successor was the outstanding anatomist Oleksander Walter (28.12.1817–23.09.1889), a student of Mykola Pirogov. Walter's doctoral dissertation "Microscopic study of the mechanism of hair plexus in the tangle" ("De mechanismo implicationis pilorum in plica polonica disquisitiones microscopicae") (1845) was the first dissertation defended at the Medical Faculty of Kyiv University. He initiated the construction and was the first director of the Anatomical Theater of the School of Medicine. In 1853, the Anatomical Theater was built (designed by the university architect Beretti), where normal anatomy, pathological anatomy, and forensic medicine were taught. As a separate structural unit, the Department of Pathological Anatomy at the School of Medicine of St. Volodymyr's University was formed and separated in 1854 and was initially located in separate premises of the Anatomical Theater of the School of Medicine of St. Volodymyr's University (now the National Museum of Medicine of Ukraine at 37 Bogdan Khmelnytskyi Street).
Between October 1854 and 1874, the Department of Pathological Anatomy was headed by a well-known pathologist and physician, Doctor of Medicine Yulii (Ferdinand) Matson (22.04.1817-20.12.1885). Y.F. Matson defended his doctoral dissertation “The First Degree of Kidney Changes in Bright's Disease” on May 15, 1850, at Kyiv University, and it became the first dissertation on pathological anatomy in Ukraine. His scientific works were devoted to diseases of the kidneys and liver, morphological changes in the body during inflammation, as well as to clinical diagnostics and organization of the fight against epidemics (in particular, cholera).
The staff of the Department (at the beginning of 1861) consisted of Professor Matson, Associate Professor I.M. Stankevych, assistant professors E.F. Chernysh and S.A. Radetsky. In 1858, Professor Matson started systematic autopsies at the Military Hospital, where he taught special pathology (1865-1866). He was the dean of the medical faculty (1868-1869), the head of the Society of Kyiv Physicians (1871-1881). His name is associated with the creation of the Oleksandrivska Hospital, where he was the first director for 10 years. In addition, Y.F. Matson founded the first ambulance post in Kyiv and vice chairman of the Red Cross Society.
In 1876, an outstanding world-renowned scientist, Professor Gryhorii Minh (07.09.1835–11.12.1896), was elected head of the department. He defended his doctoral dissertation "On the development of false membranes on serous surfaces" on June 9, 1870, at Moscow University.
In 1887, the Department of Pathological Anatomy was reorganized into the Institute of Pathological Anatomy of St. Volodymyr's University, which was located in the University Clinic of St. Volodymyr's University at 17 Bibikovskyi Boulevard (now Taras Shevchenko Boulevard, where Kyiv City Clinical Hospital No. 18 is located). The staff of the Institute consisted of 10 scientists. Under the leadership of Minh, a new stage of development of the department was marked by the formation of original national schools and directions: 1) clinical and anatomical interpretation of pathological changes in the human body; 2) epidemiology and pathological morphology of plague, cholera, leprosy; 3) pathomorphological casuistry; 4) improvement of prognostic work.
Minch's outstanding scientific works include studies of plague, leprosy, and anthrax. When studying the mechanisms of transmission of typhus and typhus fever, he self-infected himself with the blood of a patient with typhus fever and kept a detailed diary of his disease. The result of Minch's scientific and practical activities as a pathologist, clinician, and epidemiologist in the center of the plague epidemic in the Astrakhan province is the fundamental monograph "Plague in Russia."
The study of leprosy in southern Russia, Turkmenistan, Constantinople, and Palestine resulted in the fundamental monographs Leprosy in the South of Russia (1884) and History of Leprosy in the Tver Region (1894), which for the first time defined leprosy as a contagious disease. Minch was elected an honorary member of the Leprosy Society and a member of the commission for its study in England. He published 75 scientific papers. From 1882 to 1887 Minh headed the Society of Kyiv Physicians.
For 19 years, the Pathological and Anatomical Institute published 49 scientific articles, 2 books of lectures and 3 monographs by Minh, 2 doctoral dissertations: Volkovych "Rhinoscleroma (Scleroma respiratorium) from clinical, pathological, anatomical and bacteriological aspects” (1888) and Sudakevych "On the pathology of leprosy (Lepra arabum)" (1888).
In 1896, the Department of Pathological Anatomy was headed by Professor Volodymyr Vysokovych (02.03.1854–13.05.1912), a pathologist and bacteriologist, an outstanding scientist of world renown, the founder of experimental pathology and the doctrine of the reticuloendothelial system, author of more than 90 scientific papers. V.K. Vysokovych defended his doctoral dissertation “On the Disease of Blood Vessels in Syphilis” on May 31, 1882, at Kharkiv University.
In his experimental studies of inflammation, he described the mechanism of bacterial capture by the endothelium of blood vessels, their removal from the bloodstream and neutralization. The author reported this discovery in the monograph "Veber die Schicksale der in's Blut injicirten Microorganismen in Korper der Warmbluter" (1886). These results of experimental endocarditis studies were confirmed in many subsequent works, in particular, "On the Etiology of Acute Endocarditis".
Professor Vysokovych created an original school, the main scientific directions of which were: 1) elucidation of the pathological anatomy and pathogenesis of infectious diseases (plague, cholera, diphtheria); 2) application of complex morphological, experimental and bacteriological methods for research in pathology; 3) study of the problem of malignant growth (cancer, sarcoma), invasive processes (actinomycosis), and fat metabolism. At the same time, he was one of the founders of the Society for the Control of Infectious Diseases and the founder of the Kyiv Bacteriological Institute (1896), as well as the organizer of courses for the improvement of doctors and the opening of the Department of Pathological Anatomy of the Higher Women's Courses (1907). As a pathologist and infectious disease epidemiologist, in 1896 Vysokovych took an active part in the elimination of plague foci in India, Astrakhan province, Batumi, the Far East and Odesa; he worked to combat epidemics during the Russo-Japanese War (1904), the cholera epidemic in Kyiv (1908).
The creative heritage of the Institute over 16 years included 64 scientific articles, 4 doctoral dissertations, Vysokovych's manual "Pathological Anatomy" (1911) and the brochure "On Cholera" (1905, 1907). Professor Vysokovych's students included V.M. Konstantinovych, O.I. Smyrnova-Zamkova, I.T. Tytov, and P.O. Kucherenko.
Since women were generally not allowed to study at universities in the Russian Empire until 1917, a group of professors from the Medical Faculty of St. Volodymyr's Imperial University of Kyiv decided in 1907 to open a medical department at the Kyiv Higher Women's Courses. In 1915, this department was transformed into a separate Kyiv Women's Medical Institute, where several thousand women studied. In 1909, Professor Vysokovych organized the Department of Pathological Anatomy of the Kyiv Higher Women's Courses, which was located in separate premises of the Anatomical Theater of the Medical Department of the Higher Women's Courses (now the academic building of the Bogomolets National Medical University at 5 Mechnikova Street).
In 1912, Professor Volodymyr Konstantinovych (09.03.1872-10.02.1919), a student of Professor Vysokovych, became the head of the Department of Pathological Anatomy of the Medical Faculty of St. Volodymyr's University. His doctoral dissertation "On the question of fatty degeneration. Physiological deposition of fat in the body of various vertebrates" was defended in June 1903 at St. Volodymyr's University in Kyiv.
The staff of the department consisted of: Professor Konstantinovich; assistants O.I. Smirnova-Zamkova, P.O. Kucherenko, I.T. Titov; assistant professor V.G. Garshin.
The department paid much attention to teaching pathological anatomy, conducting scientific research on the pathogenesis and pathological anatomy of dystrophies, inflammation, tuberculosis and rhinoscleroma. Among the most famous scientific works is the paper "On the formation of hyaline layers in rhinosclerosis" (1904).
In 1919, St. Volodymyr's Imperial University of Kyiv was reorganized. In 1920, the Ukrainian S.S.R. authorities established the Kyiv Institute of Health Care, which united the Medical Faculty of St. Volodymyr's University, the Women's Medical Institute, and the Medical Faculty of the Ukrainian State University. In October 1920, the Odontological Institute was included in its structure and transformed into the faculty of the same name. In January 1921, the Kyiv Institute of Health Care was renamed into the Kyiv State Medical Academy, with two lectureships ("Ukrainian-language" and "Russian-language") and two departments of pathological anatomy with separate staffs. The department with the Ukrainian lecture was headed by P.O. Kucherenko, and the department with the Russian lecture was headed by I.T. Titov. In December 1921, all the departments of the medical university were united, and the academy was renamed the Kyiv Medical Institute, which existed until 1992. In 1946, the Kyiv Medical Institute was named after academician Oleksandr Bohomolets. In 1992, the medical institute was reformed and the Bohomolets Ukrainian State Medical University was established, which has been called the Bohomolets National Medical University since 1995.
In 1922, Pavlo Kucherenko (15.10.1882-28.05.1936) was elected Head of the Department of Pathological Anatomy of the Kyiv Medical Institute. He defended his doctoral dissertation “On the Deposition of Glycogen in the Kidney in Diabetic Urinary Insufficiency (Deposition of Glycogen and Polysaccharides in the Kidney under Different Experimental Conditions)” on April 25, 1918. The scientific orientation of the department concerned the study of the pathology of the endocrine system, oncological diseases, rhinoscleroma; studies of endemic goiter centers in Ukraine were conducted. P.O. Kucherenko is the author of more than 70 scientific papers. In addition to morphological methods, he used microchemical, capillary-chemical and physicochemical methods. He prepared one doctoral dissertation at the Pathological Anatomical Institute.
Together with surgeons and therapists, the staff of the department took an active part in scientific events. Doctors from clinics, hospitals, and a military hospital in Kyiv constantly worked in the laboratories of the Department of the Pathology and Anatomy Institute. In addition, the Department maintained close relations with doctors from Kyiv, Zhytomyr, Cherkasy and Chernihiv districts, as well as departments of pathological anatomy and pathological institutes in Russia, Georgia, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Latvia, Holland, and Japan. The Institute of Pathology and Anatomy organizationally united the departments of pathological anatomy of the Institute for Advanced Training of Physicians (1927) and the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (1927). In 1927, the Department organized and held the U.S.S.R. 1st Congress of Pathologists. Professors of the Institute actively contributed to the development of the scientific Ukrainian language. Thus, P.O. Kucherenko wrote the first textbook on pathological anatomy in Ukrainian, “Fundamentals of pathological morphology” (1929).
Since 1939, for 30 years, the Department of Pathological Anatomy was headed by a student of Professor Kucherenko, a highly qualified pathologist, a brilliant teacher, an outstanding scientist, Honored Scientist of the Ukrainian S.S.R., Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Yevhen Chaika (12.02.1902-16.11.1976). He defended his doctoral dissertation “Connective Tissue Skeleton of the Heart and Its Importance in Pathology” in February 1941 at the Kyiv Medical Institute. Together with academicians Bohomolets and Strazhesko, he developed the doctrine of the physiological system of connective tissue. In 1943-1958, he was Vice Rector for Academic Affairs of the Kyiv Medical Institute.
The staff of the department consisted of Professor Chaika; Associate Professors O.P. Kyselova, K.M. Tantsiura; assistants V.A. Hrymailovska, Y.S. Kozachuk, O.M. Kucher, N.M. Kovryzhko, V.I. Matsui, A.P. Fedotov; graduate students V.M. Blahodarov, V.G. Pinchuk, L.A. Zotikov. The scientific directions of the department at that time were: 1) study of connective tissue pathology; 2) study of nervous system reactivity in pathological conditions; 3) determination of age-related changes in internal organs; 4) study of the vascular system of the kidneys and liver in hypertension; 5) study of experimental influenza. In 1939-1941, under the leadership of Chaika, the staff of the department developed a new scientific direction - the state of hematoparenchymal barriers in normal and pathological conditions.
From July 1941 to May 1944, the Department was evacuated to Chelyabinsk, where it started training medical personnel as soon as possible. The department worked on the basis of the pathology department of the Chelyabinsk Regional Hospital. During this period, the department developed the problems of sepsis, nutritional dystrophies and infections. Some members of the department took direct part in the war (K.M. Tantsiura, V.L. Bialik, Y.S. Kozachuk).
After the war, the main scientific activity of the department staff was the study of connective tissue pathology and histohematological barriers of internal organs in cardiovascular diseases, infections, surgical pathology; in the 50s - the study of reactive changes in the peripheral nervous system, tumor growth, kidney and gastrointestinal pathology. Under the supervision of Chaika, 7 doctoral and 20 PhD theses were completed. He was a member of the Academic Council of the Ministry of Health of the Ukrainian S.S.R. He was awarded state awards for his many years of work.
Since 1971, the Department of Pathological Anatomy of the Bogomolets Kyiv Medical Institute was headed by Oleksandra Kyselova (19.12.1918-07.06.1995), a Pathologist, Doctor of Medical Sciences (1955), Professor (1960), Honored Scientist of the Ukrainian S.S.R. (1981), Dean of the Faculty of Dentistry (1954-1960), Vice-Rector for Academic Affairs (1960-1965), Head of the Department of Pathological Anatomy (1971-1991). She was a student of Professor Chaika, from September 1941 she was a military surgeon in the army, from 1945 she was a postgraduate student at the Department of Pathological Anatomy of the Kyiv Medical Institute, where she worked for 50 years. In 1949, she defended her PhD thesis “Morphological Changes of the Pancreas in Diseases of the Liver, Biliary Ducts and Stomach”. Kiselyova defended her doctoral dissertation "Changes in intramural nerve elements of the heart in hypertension" in May 1955. In 1963-1964 she was training in England under the guidance of a prominent British pathologist, Professor Anthony Everson Pierce (1916-2003). Professor O.P. Kyselova was the author of more than 300 scientific papers, including 6 monographs. Chairman of the Republican Society of Pathologists (1976-1991); Acting Chief Pathologist of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine (1988-1991). Member of the Presidium of the Scientific Council of the Ministry of Health of the Ukrainian SSR. Honorary Academician of the International Academy of Pathology (Madrid). In 1994, she founded and headed the Department of Pathological Anatomy at the Kyiv Medical University of the Ukrainian Association of Traditional Medicine.
The staff of the department consisted of: Professor Kyselova; Associate Professors K.M. Tantsiura, O.M. Kucher, Y.S. Kozachuk, M.B. Khominska, K.O. Bohomolets, V.M. Blahodarov; assistants: V.A. Dibrova, V.M. Rybka, S.G. Gychka, S.O. Kolomiychenko, L.V. Degtyareva, N. M. Grigorieva, G. V. Petrova.
The staff of the department worked towards a comprehensive study of the patterns of structural changes and pathogenesis of pathological processes in organs and tissues in coronary heart disease and the substantiation of its pharmacological correction. On the basis of the achievements of histochemistry, histoenzymology, electron microscopy and morphometry, he formulated promising directions in the pathomorphological component of cardiology, hepatology, gastroenterology, and nephrology. Professor Kiselyova is known for her scientific research in the field of functional morphology and pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases - atherosclerosis, hypertension, coronary heart disease, small circle hypertension; connective tissue diseases, as well as pathology of the peripheral nervous system. The data obtained are summarized in her monographs "Nephrosclerosis", "Ultrastructural changes of the kidneys in hydronephrosis", "Pulmonary heart" and scientific articles. During this period, numerous doctoral and PhD theses were defended at the department. The Department took an active part in the scientific and practical activities of the pathological community in Ukraine. The Kyiv City and Regional Society of Pathologists effectively operated on the basis of the Department. The student scientific club at the department was one of the best in Ukraine and became the first professional step for many national pathologists.
From 1991 to August 2013, the Department of Pathological Anatomy was headed by a student of Professor Chaika, Volodymyr Blahodarov (14.02.1939-04.08.2013) — Pathologist, Doctor of Medical Sciences (1980), Professor (1983), full member of the International Academy of Pathology (USA), member of the Board of the Association of Pathologists of Ukraine, Honorary Academician of the Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy, scientific consultant at the Medical and Health Care Department of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of Ukraine (2002), Head of the Department of Pathological Anatomy of the Bogomolets National Medical University (1991-2013), member of the Attestation Commission for the assignment of medical categories at the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, member of the editorial boards of the scientific journals “Medical Affairs”, “Ukrainian Journal of Pathology” and “Clinical Endocrinology and Endocrine Surgery”, Chairman of the Specialized Academic Council for the Defense of Dissertations in Morphological Disciplines and Chairman of the Council of the Medical Faculty No. 1, “Excellence in Health Care”. In 1965, he completed his postgraduate studies at the Department of Pathological Anatomy. Here he worked his way up from a graduate student, assistant (1965), associate professor (1970), professor (1983), and head of the Department of Pathological Anatomy (since 1991). At the same time, from 1981 to 1990, he was Deputy Vice-Rector for Research; from 1990 to 2007, he was Dean of the School of Medicine No. 1. In 1979, he defended his doctoral dissertation on “Morphogenesis of renal stone disease: histochemical and electron microscopic study”. The main directions of the department's research work during this period were the substantiation of objective criteria for pathological diagnosis with the clarification of the essence of various pathological processes in cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the respiratory and genitourinary systems, gastrointestinal tract, etc. Based on these data, original versions of computer programs of educational and control type were created to improve the efficiency of educational and methodological work. The results of scientific work were actively implemented in the educational process and presented in educational and methodological publications. The staff of the department consisted of highly qualified teachers and researchers.
From 1973 to 2013, Professor Kateryna Bohmolets (02.03.1939-20.02.2013) worked and taught at the Department, during which she paid special attention to the development of students' practical skills in diagnosing various forms of pathology.
From 2014 to 2016, the Department of Pathological Anatomy was headed by Valentyna Tereshchenko, Pathologist, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of Ukraine, author and co-author of more than 300 scientific works, including four manuals for doctors, 12 monographs, chapters of six collective monographs, and four inventions, a full member of the International Academy of Pathology and the European Society of Pathology.
He is the founder of several scientific areas: 1) pathomorphosis of diseases as a systemic radiation syndrome; 2) histo- (phylo-)genetic determinism of the implementation of man-made impact; 3) orientation of sorption technologies for the needs of medicine and veterinary medicine; 4) biological dimension of low-dose impacts.
From 2016 to 2020, the Department of Pathological Anatomy was headed by Liubov Zakhartseva, Pathologist, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor. Liubov Zakhartseva is the head of the pathology department of the Kyiv City Cancer Center, head of the immunohistochemical research unit at the Association of Pathologists of Ukraine, and a member of the editorial board of the journal Oncology. Member of the advisory and expert groups at the Ministry of Health of Ukraine "Standards for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Myeloproliferative Diseases" (2014-2016), "Standards for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Testicular Tumors" (2016), "Standards for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Lymphoproliferative Diseases in Children" (2012-2015).
Since September 2021, the Head of the Department of Pathological Anatomy is Sergiy Gychka, MD, PhD, DSc, Professor, Pathologist of the highest qualification category, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of Ukraine, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Higher School of Ukraine, Member of the International Academy of Pathology, President of the Association of Pathologists of Ukraine (since 2010).
Author and co-author of more than 300 scientific papers, 10 monographs, textbooks and manuals, 19 patents for inventions. He is a member of the editorial boards of the scientific professional journals "Pathology" (Web of Science), "Clinical Endocrinology and Endocrine Surgery", and "Ukrainian Scientific and Medical Youth Journal".
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