Earth Systems Science

Earth system science (ESS) is the application of systems science to the Earth. In particular, it considers interactions and 'feedbacks', through material and energy fluxes, between the Earth's sub-systems' cycles, processes and "spheres"—

• atmosphere

• hydrosphere

• cryosphere

• geosphere

• pedosphere

• lithosphere

• biosphere

• magnetosphere

Earth system science brings together researchers across both the natural and social sciences, from fields including ecology, economics, geography, geology, glaciology, meteorology, oceanography, climatology, paleontology, sociology, and space science.