Understanding Critical Thinking

Abrami, P. C., Bernard, R. M., Borokhovski, E., Waddington, D. I., Wade, A. C., & Persson, T. (2015). Strategies for teaching students to think critically: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 85(2), 275–314. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654314551063

Altun, E., & Yildirim, N. (2023). What does critical thinking mean? Examination of pre-service teachers' cognitive structures and definitions for critical thinking. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 49, 101367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101367

Butler, H. A. (2024). Predicting everyday critical thinking: A review of critical thinking assessments. Journal of Intelligence, 12(2), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12020016

Fitriyah, A. E., Susanah, & Shodikin, A. (2025). High school students' critical thinking in solving series and sequence problems: A study of mathematical proficiency. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3316(1). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0290369

Gale, A., Harrell, D. R., Scott, E. D., & Ellis, J. M. (2026). Examining the link between critical thinking, in-school racial discrimination, and perceptions of future college-going beliefs. Social Sciences, 15(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci15010034

Lau, J. Y. F. (2024). Revisiting the origin of critical thinking. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 56(7), 724–733. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2024.2320199

Özelçi, S. Y., & Çaliskan, G. (2019). What is critical thinking? A longitudinal study with teacher candidates. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 8(3), 495–509. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v8i3.20254

Rott, D., Kohnen, M., & Fischer, C. (2024). The importance of promoting critical thinking in schools: Examples from Germany. Gifted Education International, 40(2), 214–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/02614294241251577

Evidence-Based Teaching Practices

Collins, A., Brown, J. S., & Newman, S. E. (1989). Cognitive apprenticeship: Teaching the crafts of reading, writing, and mathematics. In L. B. Resnick (Ed.), Knowing, learning, and instruction: Essays in honor of Robert Glaser (pp. 453–494). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Dignath, C., Büttner, G., & Langfeldt, H.-P. (2008). How can primary school students learn self-regulated learning strategies most effectively? A meta-analysis on self-regulation training programmes. Educational Research Review, 3(2), 101–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2008.02.003

Hattie, J. (2023). Visible learning: The sequel: A synthesis of over 2,100 meta-analyses relating to achievement. Routledge.

Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81–112. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298487

Mercer, N., Wegerif, R., & Dawes, L. (1999). Children's talk and the development of reasoning in the classroom. British Educational Research Journal, 25(1), 95–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/0141192990250107

Veenman, M. V. J., Van Hout-Wolters, B. H. A. M., & Afflerbach, P. (2006). Metacognition and learning: Conceptual and methodological considerations. Metacognition and Learning, 1, 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-006-6893-0

Wiliam, D. (2011). Embedded formative assessment. Solution Tree Press.

Wood, D., Bruner, J. S., & Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17(2), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1976.tb00381.x

Learning, Transfer, and Collaboration

Barnett, S. M., & Ceci, S. J. (2002). When and where do we apply what we learn? A taxonomy for far transfer. Psychological Bulletin, 128(4), 612–637. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.612

Hoever, I. J., van Knippenberg, D., van Ginkel, W. P., & Barkema, H. G. (2012). Fostering team creativity: Perspective taking as key to unlocking diversity's potential. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(5), 982–996. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029159

Artificial Intelligence and Critical Thinking

Gonsalves, C. (2026). Generative AI's impact on critical thinking: Revisiting Bloom's taxonomy. Journal of Marketing Education, 48(1), 4–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/02734753241305980

Hughes, C. (2024, February 23). Critical thinking and generative artificial intelligence. UNESCO International Bureau of Education. https://www.ibe.unesco.org/en/articles/critical-thinking-and-generative-artificial-intelligence

Kummer, B. (2024, January 11). Mizou AI chatbot tutorial [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5KsylUN8AM 

Larson, B. Z., Moser, C., Caza, A., Muehlfeld, K., & Colombo, L. A. (2024). Critical thinking in the age of generative AI. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 23(3), 373–378. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2024.0338

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2026). OECD digital education outlook 2026: Exploring effective uses of generative AI in education. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/062a7394-en

   TED. (2023, May 1). How AI could save (not destroy) education | Sal Khan | TED [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJP5GqnTrNo 

   Packback. (2025, December 11) Packback Platform Overview. Packback [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=voG9r4uP63o

Digital Technologies and Society

Marino, C., Bersia, M., Furstova, J., Galeotti, T., van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., Boniel-Nissim, M., Pickett, W., Lenzi, M., Canale, N., Eriksson, C., Lahti, H., Ozolina, K., Craig, W., & Vieno, A. (2025). Global change in adolescent social media use (2018–2022): An ecological analysis across 28 countries. Computers in Human Behavior, 173, Article 108789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2025.108789

Artificial Intelligence Acknowledgment

Artificial intelligence (ChatGPT, Google Gemini, OpenAI, Notebook, Claude) was used as a support tool during the development of this website. AI assisted with brainstorming, refining language, improving clarity and organization, and suggesting ways to present research-informed ideas. All content was reviewed, edited, and verified by the authors. The interpretation of the research, instructional recommendations, selection of sources, and all final decisions remain the project team's work. Every effort has been made to ensure that information is accurate, evidence-informed, and supported by the cited literature.