COVENANT ARK
The Ark of the Covenant at Beth-Shemesh
Brian Edric Colless PhD ThD

Here are some introductions to the subject, with photographs of the "Great Stone" discovered in a ruined temple at Beth Shemesh.
The question is whether this rock could be the very one that the Ark of the Covenant rested on, temporarily (1 Samuel 4-7, particularly 6:14,15,18).
https://www.timesofisrael.com/stone-slab-unearthed-near-jerusalem-suggests-connection-to-ark-of-the-covenant/
https://armstronginstitute.org/221-was-this-where-the-ark-of-the-covenant-sat
https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=122292165722070551&set=a.122101904762070551
https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=24677189305205054&set=gm.1342328793496266&idorvanity=315421629520326

Notice the protoalphabetic writing, running from right to left; it says in part  ... 'ARN BRT ..., "Ark of Covenant" (the definite article ha- was not used at that time in ancient Israel).

  Focus on the vertical crack. To its left is a snake (the origin of N, but |/| here); on the right is a human head (R), and a bovine head with horns ('A).
That reads: 'ARN ,"box, coffer, ARK".

  Next, after the N-snake, B, a square representing a house (Bayt, as in the name of this town); then another human head, R; and a cross, T.
'RN (ark) BRT (covenant).
Among the profusion of letters, I can also discern 'LHM (God) and QDSh (holy).
The Sh is instructive: it depicts the sun disk with two serpents, and the example here is readily discernible.

  Underneath those words is a depiction of the High Priest (head, torso, arms, breast-piece with dots for the gems representing the 12 tribes).
The script is pictorial, not stylized, and so it shows that the priests were preserving the original form, the Protoconsonantary (Protoalphabet) ,
as devised by Yosep bin Ya`qob and his sons in Egypt, and used by Moshe the Prophet, and Aharon the Priest, and Yehoshua` .

More enlightenment here:

https://cryptcracker.blogspot.com/2012/02/mountain-of-yahweh-in-israel-elsewhere.html

https://cryptcracker.blogspot.com/2025/05/israel-in-egypt.html

https://cryptcracker.blogspot.com/2021/04/another-lakish-inscription.html
This describes the four phases of the "early evolution" of the  protoalphabet in the Bronze Age and early Iron Age.
My term for this is "The Quadrinity", formulated as: E=[2M+2C]2.

Another interesting text from Beth Shemesh is concerned with wine.
It is written in the Neosyllabary, a form of the Protoalphabet that was current in Israel in the time of the Judges:
https://sites.google.com/view/collesseum/winewhine