Symbolic codes are social in nature. What this means is that these codes live outside the media product themselves, but would be understood in similar ways in the ‘real life’ of the audience. For instance, if you saw somebody receive a red rose in a film, you would assume there is a romantic relationship between the two characters. If you gave somebody a red rose in real life, you might be hoping the same. Symbolic codes in media include setting, mise en scene, acting and colour. 

Setting

Setting is the time and place of the narrative. When discussing setting, you can describe the setting of the whole story or just a specific scene. A setting can be as big as the outback or space, or as small as a specific room. Setting can even be a created atmosphere or frame of mind.

Mise en scene

Mise en scene is a French term that means ‘everything within the frame’. In media terms it has become to mean the description of all the objects within a frame of the media product and how they have been arranged. An analysis of mise en scene includes:

• Set Design

• Costume

• Props

• Staging and Composition

Acting

Actors portray characters in media products and contribute to character development, creating tension or advancing the narrative. The actor portrays a character through:

• Facial expression

• Body Language

• Vocal qualities

• Movement

• Body contact

Colour

Colour has highly cultural and strong connotations. When studying the use of colour in a media product the different aspects to be looking at are:

• Dominant colour

• Contrasting foils

• Colour symbolism

Technical codes are codes that are specific to a media form and do not live outside of them. For instance, our understanding of different camera shots and their connotations make sense when we look and films and photographs, but mean nothing to us outside of those forms. Technical codes in media include Camerawork, Editing, Audio and Lighting. 

Camerawork

Camerawork refers to how the camera is operated, positioned and moved for specific effects. Aspects of camerawork include:

• Positioning

• Movement

• Framing

• Exposure

• Lens choice

Editing

Editing is the process of choosing, manipulating and arranging images and sound. Editing is generally done for four different reasons:

• Graphic edits

• Rhythmic edits

• Spacial edits

• Temporal edits

Audio

Audio is the expressive or naturalistic use of sound. Audio can be diegetic or non diegetic. The three aspects of audio are:

• dialogue

• sound effects

• music

Lighting

Lighting is the manipulation of natural or artificial light to selectively highlight specific elements of the scene. Elements of lighting include:

• Quality

• Direction

• Source

• Colour

Written codes are the formal written language used in a media product. Just like technical and symbolic codes, written codes can be used to advance a narrative, communicate information about a character or issues and themes in the media product.

Written codes include printed language which is text you can see within the frame and how it is presented, and also spoken language, which includes dialogue and song lyrics.

Conventions are accepted ways of using media codes. Conventions are closely connected to the audience expectations of a media product. Different types of conventions include form conventions, story conventions and genre conventions. 

Form conventions

Form conventions are the certain ways we expect types of media’s codes to be arranged. For instance an audience expects to have a title of the film at the beginning, and then credits at the end. Newspapers will have a masthead, the most important news on the front page and sports news on the back page. Video games usually start with a tutorial to explain the mechanics of how the game works.

Another example would be continuity editing. Most video forms follow a set of editing rules and techniques called continuity editing which allows for the audience to easily understand what is going on in a scene and who is talking to who.

Story Conventions

Story conventions are common narrative structures and understandings that are common in story telling media products. Examples of story conventions include:

• Narrative structures

• Cause and effect

• Character construction

• Point of View

Genre Conventions

Genre conventions point to the common use of tropes, characters, settings or themes in a particular type of medium. Genre conventions are closely linked with audience expectations. Genre conventions can be formal or thematic.

In the context of media and entertainment, audience, producers, and other stakeholders refer to different groups that play important roles in the creation, distribution, and consumption of media content.

The audience refers to the people who consume and interact with media content, such as movies, TV shows, music, books, and online content. The audience is a crucial stakeholder in the media industry because they determine the success of media products by their level of engagement, interest, and feedback.

Producers refer to the individuals or organizations that create and finance media content. They can be filmmakers, TV studios, music labels, publishing houses, or online platforms that commission, develop, and distribute media products to the audience. Producers are responsible for managing the creative and financial aspects of media production and ensuring that their products reach the target audience.

Other stakeholders in the media industry can include investors, advertisers, distributors, talent agencies, unions, and regulatory bodies. These stakeholders have different interests and goals in the media industry, such as maximizing profits, promoting their brands, protecting workers' rights, or ensuring compliance with laws and regulations.

Understanding the needs, expectations, and perspectives of these different stakeholders is crucial for creating successful media products that meet their demands and preferences. It also requires a deep understanding of the media market, audience demographics, and emerging trends in the industry.