Lesson 03. 19th Century

• Tonality continues to dominate in music. However, tonal principles and rules become more and more lax and permissive.
  • Weak functional tonality;
  • tonal ambiguity or even suspension of tonality (Beethoven - late Quartets).
  • Extended/Expanded Tonality appears (Liszt, Wagner etc.).
• At the same time, some composers do not hesitate to use certain modes. Ex. Berlioz, Mussorgsky, Dvořák etc.
• Types of melodies: classic melody (Schubert, Mendelssohn etc.), endless melody (Wagner), melody-declamation (psalmody - Mussorgsky), arioso (Puccini and others), impressionist melody (Debussy)
• Types of melodic Themes: classical, thematic metamorphosis, leitmotif, national melody

Dvořák, String Quartet No. 12, American - pentatonic melody (1893)

Mahler, Adagietto from Symphony 5

• rhythm symmetric and asymmetric
• dancing rhythm and free rhythm
• rhythmic theme - Ex. Beethoven's Symphony No. 5
• polyrhythm and polymeter

Dvořák, Slavonic Dance

Chopin, Mazurka Op. 17 No. 4

• much more thoroughly noted
• subtle
• contrasting
• rich

Piotr Ilich Tchaikovsky, 1812 Overture (Finale)

Smetana, Má vlast: Vltava (Die Moldau)

• larger ensembles
• new instruments in the symphonic orchestra - Ex. harpe, Eb soprano clarinet (Berlioz - Symphonie fantastique)
• new performing techniques - Ex. con sordino, sul tasto, sul ponticello, pizzicato, col legno etc.

Liszt-Paganini, Etude S.161 No. 3 "La Campenella"

Grieg, Peer Gynt Suite No. 2 - Aase's Death - strings con sordini

• polyphony
• homophony
• melody-dominated homophony
• symphonism
• combinations of more than one type

Verdi, Nabucco - Chorus (Va pensiero)

Brahms, Clarinet Quintet in B minor, Op. 115

Brahms, A German Requiem - part 2

Rossini, La Gazza ladra Overture - sonata form

• classical genres: sonata, symphony, concerto, quartet, opera, overture, suite
• new genres: symphonic poem, étude, impromptu, rhapsody, ballad, lied, instrumental dance etc.

Saint-Saëns, Symphony No. 3 in c minor, Op.78 "Organ"

Enescu, Romanian Rhapsody No. 1

• programme music
• syncretism in art - syncretic genres: opera, oratorio, lied, ballet, operetta
• traditional folk music becomes a source of inspiration for the composers

Glinka, Jota aragonesa

Leoncavallo, aria Ridi pagliaccio