16 Circular motion
16.1 Describing circular motion
16.2 Angles in radians
16.3 Steady speed, changing velocity
16.4 Angular speed
16.5 Centripetal forces
16.6 Calculating acceleration and force
16.7 The origins of centripetal forces
17 Gravitational fields
17.1 Representing a gravitational field
17.2 Gravitational field strength g
17.3 Energy in a gravitational field
17.4 Gravitational potential
17.5 Orbiting under gravity
17.6 Orbital period
17.7 Orbiting the Earth
18 Oscillations
18.1 Free and forced oscillations
18.2 Observing oscillations
18.3 Describing oscillations
18.4 Simple harmonic motion
18.5 Representing s.h.m. graphically
18.6 Frequency and angular frequency
18.7 Equations of s.h.m.
18.8 Energy changes in s.h.m.
18.9 Damped oscillations
18.10 Resonance
19 Thermal physics
19.1 Changes of state
19.2 Energy changes
19.3 Internal energy
19.4 The meaning of temperature
19.5 Thermometers
19.6 Calculating energy changes
20 Ideal gases
20.1 Particles of a gas
20.2 Explaining pressure
20.3 Measuring gases
20.4 Boyle’s law
20.5 Changing temperature
20.6 Ideal gas equation
20.7 Modelling gases: the kinetic model
20.8 Temperature and molecular kinetic energy
21 Uniform electric fields
21.1 Attraction and repulsion
21.2 The concept of an electric field
21.3 Electric field strength
21.4 Force on a charge
22 Coulomb’s law
22.1 Electric fields
22.2 Coulomb’s law
22.3 Electric field strength for a radial field
22.4 Electric potential
22.5 Gravitational and electric fields
23 Capacitance
23.1 Capacitors in use
23.2 Energy stored in a capacitor
23.3 Capacitors in parallel
23.4 Capacitors in series
23.5 Comparing capacitors and resistors
23.6 Capacitor networks
23.7 Charge and discharge of capacitors
24 Magnetic fields and electromagnetism
24.1 Producing and representing magnetic fields
24.2 Magnetic force
24.3 Magnetic flux density
24.4 Measuring magnetic flux density
24.5 Magnets crossing fields
24.6 Forces between currents
24.7 Relating SI units
24.8 Comparing forces in magnetic, electric and gravitational fields
25 Motion of charged particles
25.1 Observing the force
25.2 Orbiting charged particles
25.3 Electric and magnetic fields
25.4 The Hall effect
25.5 Discovering the electron
26 Electromagnetic induction
26.1 Observing induction
26.2 Explaining electromagnetic induction
26.3 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
26.4 Lenz’s law
26.5 Everyday examples of electromagnetic induction
27 Alternating currents
27.1 Sinusoidal current
27.2 Alternating voltages
27.3 Power and alternating current
27.4 Rectification
28 Quantum physics
28.1 Modeling with particles and waves
28.2 Particulate nature of light
28.3 The photoelectric effect
28.4 Threshold frequency and wavelength
28.5 Photons have momentum too
28.6 Line spectra
28.7 Explaining the origin of line spectra
28.8 Photon energies
28.9 The nature of light: waves or particles?
28.10 Electron waves
28.11 Revisiting photons
29 Nuclear physics
29.1 Balanced equations
29.2 Mass and energy
29.3 Energy released in radioactive decay
29.4 Binding energy and stability
29.5 Randomness and radioactive decay
29.6 The mathematics of radioactive decay
29.7 Decay graphs and equations
29.8 Decay constant λ and half-life t½
30 Medical imaging
30.1 The nature and production of X-rays
30.2 X-ray attenuation
30.3 Improving X-ray images
30.4 Computerised axial tomography
30.5 Using ultrasound in medicine
30.6 Echo sounding
30.7 Positron emission scanning
30.8 Positron Emission Tomography
31 Astronomy and cosmology
31.1 Starded candles
31.2 Luminosity and radiant flux intensity
31.3 Stellar radii
31.4 The expanding Universe
P2 Practical skills at A Level
P2.1 Planning and analysis
P2.2 Planning
P2.3 Analysis of the data
P2.4 Treatment of uncertainties
P2.5 Conclusions and evaluation of results