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The Official Bruskarian Constitution
Preamble
We, the people of the Grand Duchy of Bruskaria, through enduring devotion to our homeland, do hereby establish this Constitution as the supreme law of the State.
Resolved to preserve the dignity of the Crown, uphold the rule of law, safeguard the rights and liberties of our citizens, and promote justice, order, and the common welfare, we affirm the principles of lawful government, responsible administration, and peaceful cooperation among all who call Bruskaria home.
We dedicate ourselves to the prosperity, security, and advancement of the Grand Duchy, ensuring that our institutions shall serve the public interest with integrity, stability, and accountability.
In this spirit, we adopt and enact this Constitution for the Grand Duchy of Bruskaria.
Chapter I - Fundamental Principles
Article I - The State
)x( I
This Constitution applies throughout all territories of the Grand Duchy of Bruskaria.
)x( II
The Grand Duchy of Bruskaria is a sovereign, independent, hereditary absolute monarchy founded upon the rule of law and governed in accordance with this Constitution.
)x( III
The unity, sovereignty, and independence of the Grand Duchy shall be preserved by all institutions of the State.
Article II - Sovereignty
)x( I
Sovereignty belongs to the State.
)x( II
The Grand Duke is vested with the supreme authority of the State and shall exercise such authority in accordance with this Constitution.
)x( III
All institutions and offices of the Grand Duchy derive their public authority from the constitutional order of the State and ultimately operate under the authority of the Crown.
Article III - Territory
)x( I
The territory of the Grand Duchy is indivisible and inviolable.
)x( II
The territory of the Grand Duchy shall consist of all lands lawfully claimed, possessed, administered, or incorporated by the State.
)x( III
Any alteration of the territory or its constitutional status shall be effected only in accordance with this Constitution and the law.
Article IV - The Crown
)x( I
The Grand Duke is the Head of State, supreme authority of the Grand Duchy, and symbol of its unity, continuity, sovereignty, and independence.
)x( II
The Crown shall be hereditary.
)x( III
The powers and succession of the Crown shall be governed by this Constitution and such laws as are enacted pursuant thereto.
Article V - Capital
)x( I
The capital of the Grand Duchy is Brusk.
)x( II
Brusk shall serve as the principal seat of the State unless otherwise provided by law.
Article VI - Official Language
)x( I
The official language of the Grand Duchy is Bruskarian.
)x( II
Danish is recognized as a language of the Grand Duchy and may be used in accordance with the law.
)x( III
The State may recognize or permit the use of additional languages where appropriate.
Article VII - National Symbols
)x( I
The national symbols of the Grand Duchy are the National Flag, the Coat of Arms, the Great Seal, the National Anthem, and the National Motto.
)x( II
The design, proportions, colors, heraldic descriptions, and official use of the national symbols shall be prescribed by law.
)x( III
The national symbols shall be accorded due respect and shall be protected by law.
Article VIII - Citizenship
)x( I
Bruskarian citizenship shall be acquired, retained, and lost in accordance with the law.
)x( II
No citizen shall be arbitrarily deprived of Bruskarian citizenship.
)x( III
The Grand Duchy may recognize multiple citizenship.
Article IX - Rule of Law
)x( I
This Constitution is the supreme law of the Grand Duchy.
)x( II
All public authorities and all persons within the jurisdiction of the Grand Duchy are subject to this Constitution and laws enacted pursuant thereto.
)x( III
No public authority shall exercise powers which it has not lawfully received.
Article X - Exercise of State Authority
)x( I
Supreme state authority is vested in the Grand Duke.
)x( II
Legislative, executive, judicial, administrative, military, and other institutions shall exercise the powers granted to them by this Constitution, by law, or by authority of the Grand Duke.
)x( III
The establishment of separate institutions of government shall not diminish the supreme authority of the Crown except where this Constitution expressly provides otherwise.
)x( IV
The Grand Duke may delegate powers of the Crown to officers or institutions of the State and may revoke such delegation unless otherwise provided by this Constitution.
Article XI - International Relations
)x( I
The Grand Duchy shall pursue peaceful relations with other states and shall honor its international obligations in accordance with this Constitution and international law.
)x( II
The sovereignty, security, and interests of Bruskaria shall guide the conduct of foreign relations.
Chapter II - The Crown
Article XII - The Grand Duke
)x( I
The Grand Duke is the supreme Head of State and source of executive authority within the Grand Duchy.
)x( II
The person of the Grand Duke shall be accorded the dignity and respect appropriate to the office.
)x( III
The official title of the Sovereign shall be prescribed by law or established by the Crown.
Article XIII - Powers of the Grand Duke
)x( I
The Grand Duke shall possess supreme executive authority.
)x( II
The Grand Duke may enact, approve, promulgate, amend, or repeal laws in accordance with this Constitution.
)x( III
The Grand Duke may issue decrees, proclamations, regulations, executive orders, and other lawful instruments.
)x( IV
The Grand Duke shall appoint and dismiss Ministers and other officers of the State except where otherwise provided by this Constitution.
)x( V
The Grand Duke may establish, reorganize, combine, or dissolve Ministries and other executive bodies.
)x( VI
The Grand Duke shall serve as the supreme commander of the armed forces of the Grand Duchy.
)x( VII
The Grand Duke shall direct the foreign relations of the Grand Duchy.
)x( VIII
The Grand Duke may negotiate, approve, and terminate treaties and diplomatic agreements in accordance with law.
)x( IX
The Grand Duke may appoint and recall ambassadors and other diplomatic representatives.
)x( X
The Grand Duke may grant honors, decorations, titles, and awards.
)x( XI
The Grand Duke may grant pardons, reprieves, and commutations of criminal sentences.
)x( XII
The Grand Duke may exercise all other powers belonging to the Crown under this Constitution or the laws of the Grand Duchy.
Article XIV - Succession
)x( I
The Crown is hereditary.
)x( II
Upon the death, abdication, or lawful permanent incapacity of the reigning Grand Duke, the Crown shall immediately pass to the lawful successor.
)x( III
The Royal Duke shall be first in the order of succession unless otherwise lawfully determined.
)x( IV
The succession shall occur automatically and shall not require election or confirmation.
)x( V
Further rules concerning succession may be established by law.
Article XV - Abdication
)x( I
The Grand Duke may abdicate voluntarily.
)x( II
An abdication shall be made by a written and public instrument.
)x( III
Upon the entry into force of an abdication, the lawful successor shall immediately assume the Crown.
Article XVI - Regency
)x( I
Where the Grand Duke is temporarily incapable of exercising the duties of the Crown, a Regent may exercise such powers as are necessary for the continuity of the State.
)x( II
The Regent shall exercise authority in the name of the Grand Duke and shall not acquire the Crown by virtue of the Regency.
)x( III
The establishment and termination of a Regency shall be governed by law.
Article XVII - Delegation of Royal Authority
)x( I
The Grand Duke may delegate specified powers to Ministers, officers, commanders, diplomatic representatives, or other public authorities.
)x( II
Delegated authority remains authority of the Crown and may be withdrawn unless otherwise provided by this Constitution.
)x( III
Delegation shall not constitute abdication or permanent surrender of the powers of the Crown.
Chapter III - The Government
Article XVIII - Executive Government
)x( I
The Government shall administer the affairs of the Grand Duchy under the supreme authority of the Grand Duke.
)x( II
Executive authority may be exercised through Ministries, agencies, commissions, councils, and other institutions established by law or by the Crown.
Article XIX - Ministers
)x( I
Ministers shall be appointed by the Grand Duke.
)x( II
Ministers shall be responsible for the administration of the offices entrusted to them.
)x( III
Ministers shall remain in office at the pleasure of the Grand Duke and may be dismissed by the Grand Duke.
)x( IV
A Minister may resign voluntarily.
)x( V
A Minister intending to resign shall provide notice to the Grand Duke in accordance with law.
)x( VI
Ministers shall faithfully execute the Constitution, laws, and lawful orders of the Crown.
Article XX - Ministries
)x( I
Ministries may be created for the administration of particular affairs of State.
)x( II
The jurisdiction and responsibilities of each Ministry shall be determined by law or by the Crown.
)x( III
The Grand Duke may establish, dissolve, merge, divide, or reorganize Ministries where necessary for the effective administration of the State.
Article XXI - Public Officers
)x( I
Public officers shall exercise only the authority lawfully entrusted to them.
)x( II
Public office is a position of public trust.
)x( III
Public officers shall perform their duties faithfully, lawfully, and in the interests of the Grand Duchy.
Chapter IV - The Legislature
Article XXII - Parliament
)x( I
A Parliament shall exist as the principal deliberative and legislative institution of the Grand Duchy.
)x( II
The organization, membership, selection, and internal procedure of Parliament shall be prescribed by law.
)x( III
Parliament may debate matters of national importance, propose legislation, review legislation, and perform such additional functions as are granted to it.
Article XXIII - Legislative Authority
)x( I
Parliament may enact legislation subject to the authority of the Crown.
)x( II
No Act of Parliament shall enter into force without the assent of the Grand Duke unless the Grand Duke has previously authorized another procedure by law.
)x( III
The Grand Duke may approve, reject, return, or amend proposed legislation.
)x( IV
The Grand Duke may introduce legislation directly.
)x( V
The legislative authority of Parliament shall not prevent the Grand Duke from exercising legislative powers directly where permitted by this Constitution.
Article XXIV - Royal Decrees
)x( I
The Grand Duke may issue Royal Decrees having the force of law.
)x( II
A Royal Decree shall remain subordinate to this Constitution.
)x( III
Royal Decrees may regulate matters which could otherwise be regulated by ordinary legislation unless this Constitution provides otherwise.
Article XXV - Promulgation of Laws
)x( I
Laws shall be made publicly accessible before or upon their entry into force, except where legitimate requirements of national security require confidentiality.
)x( II
No person shall be punished under a secret criminal law.
)x( III
The date upon which a law enters into force shall be stated therein or otherwise determined by law.
Chapter V - The Judiciary
Article XXVI - Courts
)x( I
Judicial authority shall be exercised by the courts of the Grand Duchy.
)x( II
The structure and jurisdiction of the courts shall be established by law.
)x( III
Courts shall administer justice according to this Constitution and the law.
Article XXVII - Judges
)x( I
Judges shall be appointed in accordance with law.
)x( II
Judges shall decide individual cases impartially and according to law.
)x( III
No person, including the Grand Duke, Minister, or other public officer, shall command a judge to determine the guilt or innocence of a particular person contrary to the law and evidence.
)x( IV
Nothing in this Article shall limit the constitutional power of the Grand Duke to grant pardons, reprieves, or commutations after judgment.
Article XXVIII - Due Process
)x( I
No person shall be punished except pursuant to law.
)x( II
A person accused of an offence shall be informed of the accusation against them.
)x( III
An accused person shall have a reasonable opportunity to present a defense.
)x( IV
No person shall be considered guilty of a criminal offence until guilt has been lawfully established.
)x( V
No person shall be punished for conduct which was not unlawful when committed.
Article XXIX - Appeals
)x( I
A right of appeal may be provided by law.
)x( II
The procedures and jurisdiction governing appeals shall be established by law.
Article XXX - Royal Clemency
)x( I
The power of pardon belongs to the Grand Duke.
)x( II
The Grand Duke may pardon any person convicted under Bruskarian law.
)x( III
A pardon may be unconditional or subject to lawful conditions.
)x( IV
A pardon does not invalidate the judgment of a court unless expressly declared by law.
Chapter VI - Fundamental Rights and Liberties
Article XXXI - Human Dignity
)x( I
The dignity of every person shall be respected by the State.
Article XXXII - Equality Before the Law
)x( I
All persons within the jurisdiction of the Grand Duchy are equal before the law.
)x( II
No person shall be arbitrarily denied the protection of the law.
Article XXXIII - Personal Liberty
)x( I
No person shall be arbitrarily arrested, detained, or imprisoned.
)x( II
Any deprivation of liberty shall have a lawful basis.
Article XXXIV - Freedom of Expression
)x( I
Citizens shall enjoy freedom of expression subject to restrictions established by law for the protection of the rights of others, public order, national security, and other legitimate interests of the State.
Article XXXV - Freedom of Religion and Conscience
)x( I
Every person shall enjoy freedom of conscience, belief, religion, and non-belief.
)x( II
No person shall be compelled by the State to profess a religion.
)x( III
The Grand Duchy shall remain secular unless this Constitution is lawfully amended.
Article XXXVI - Privacy
)x( I
Every person shall have the right to reasonable privacy in their personal life, correspondence, and possessions.
)x( II
Interference with privacy by public authorities shall require a lawful purpose and legal authority.
Article XXXVII - Property
)x( I
The right to lawfully acquire, possess, use, and transfer property shall be recognized.
)x( II
Property shall not be arbitrarily confiscated by the State.
)x( III
Property may be taken or restricted for a lawful public purpose in accordance with law.
Article XXXVIII - Assembly and Association
)x( I
Citizens may peacefully assemble and form lawful associations.
)x( II
These freedoms may be subject to restrictions established by law for public safety, national security, public order, or the protection of the rights of others.
Article XXXIX - Petition
)x( I
Every citizen may submit petitions, complaints, and proposals to public authorities.
)x( II
No citizen shall be punished solely for submitting a lawful petition or complaint.
Article XL - Limitations Upon Rights
)x( I
The rights guaranteed by this Chapter may be subject only to restrictions authorized by this Constitution or by law.
)x( II
No restriction shall destroy the fundamental substance of a constitutional right except where expressly authorized during a lawful state of emergency.
)x( III
Nothing in this Chapter shall be interpreted as granting a right to overthrow the constitutional order by unlawful force.
Chapter VII - Citizenship
Article XLI - Acquisition of Citizenship
)x( I
Citizenship may be acquired by birth, application, or such other means as may be established by law.
)x( II
The requirements and procedures for naturalization shall be prescribed by law.
Article XLII - Multiple Citizenship
)x( I
Bruskarian citizenship may be held concurrently with the citizenship of another state unless otherwise provided by law.
Article XLIII - Duties of Citizens
)x( I
Citizens shall obey the Constitution and laws of the Grand Duchy.
)x( II
Citizens shall respect the lawful institutions and authorities of the State.
)x( III
Citizens may be required to contribute to the defense or public service of the Grand Duchy in accordance with law.
Chapter VIII - Defense and Security
Article XLIV - Armed Forces
)x( I
The Grand Duchy may maintain armed forces for its defense, security, and lawful national interests.
)x( II
The Grand Duke is the supreme commander of all Bruskarian armed forces.
)x( III
The organization, discipline, command, and administration of the armed forces shall be established by law or Royal Decree.
)x( IV
Military personnel remain subject to this Constitution and applicable law.
Article XLV - National Defense
)x( I
The defense of the sovereignty, territory, institutions, and population of the Grand Duchy is a fundamental responsibility of the State.
)x( II
The State may establish defensive works, military units, reserves, and other institutions necessary for national defense.
Article XLVI - Conscription
)x( I
Military service shall ordinarily be voluntary.
)x( II
Conscription may be introduced where necessary for the defense or security of the Grand Duchy in accordance with law.
)x( III
The conditions, exemptions, obligations, and penalties relating to conscription shall be established by law.
Article XLVII - Law Enforcement and National Security
)x( I
The State may maintain police, security, and specialized law-enforcement institutions.
)x( II
Such institutions shall operate under lawful authority and shall be accountable to the Crown and the competent authorities.
)x( III
Their powers and duties shall be prescribed by law.
Article XLVIII - Use of Force
)x( I
Public authorities may use force only where lawfully authorized.
)x( II
The use of force shall be governed by law and shall not exceed what is reasonably required under the circumstances.
Chapter IX - Administrative Divisions
Article XLIX - Territorial Administration
)x( I
The territory of the Grand Duchy may be divided into states, districts, municipalities, settlements, or other administrative divisions.
)x( II
The boundaries, names, powers, and status of administrative divisions shall be determined by law or by the Crown.
Article L - Local Government
)x( I
Administrative divisions may possess local institutions and authorities.
)x( II
Local authorities shall exercise only such powers as have been granted to them by law or by the Crown.
)x( III
Local institutions remain subordinate to the Constitution and the central authority of the Grand Duchy.
Article LI - Local Symbols
)x( I
Administrative divisions may possess coats of arms, flags, seals, and other official symbols.
)x( II
The recognition and protection of local symbols may be prescribed by law.
Chapter X - Public Finance
Chapter LII - National Treasury
)x( I
The finances and property of the Grand Duchy shall be administered in the public interest.
)x( II
A National Treasury may be maintained for the receipt, custody, and expenditure of public funds.
Chapter LIII - Taxation
)x( I
Taxes, duties, fees, and other compulsory public charges shall be imposed only under lawful authority.
)x( II
The collection and use of public revenue shall be regulated by law.
Chapter LIV - Public Expenditure
)x( I
Public funds shall be used for lawful purposes of the State.
)x( II
Public officials entrusted with State funds shall be responsible for their proper administration.
Chapter LV - Currency
)x( I
The Grand Duchy may establish, recognize, and regulate an official currency.
)x( II
Matters concerning currency shall be determined by law or by authority of the Crown.
Chapter XI - Foreign Affairs
Article LVI - Foreign Policy
)x( I
Foreign policy shall be conducted under the authority of the Grand Duke.
)x( II
The Grand Duchy shall seek peaceful cooperation, diplomatic recognition, mutual respect, and friendly relations with other states.
Article LVII - Diplomacy
)x( I
The Grand Duke may establish diplomatic relations with foreign states and other entities.
)x( II
Ambassadors and diplomatic representatives shall act on behalf of the Grand Duchy under authority granted by the Crown.
Article LVIII - Treaties
)x( I
The Grand Duke may negotiate, conclude, ratify, suspend, or terminate treaties and international agreements.
)x( II
Treaties shall be implemented domestically in accordance with the Constitution and the law.
Article LIX - War and Peace
)x( I
The authority to declare war, conclude peace, or authorize participation in armed conflict belongs to the Grand Duke.
)x( II
The Grand Duke may consult Parliament, the Government, military authorities, or other institutions before exercising such authority.
Chapter XII - States of Emergency
Article LX - Declaration of Emergency
)x( I
The Grand Duke may declare a state of emergency where war, invasion, rebellion, natural disaster, collapse of essential services, or another grave threat endangers the Grand Duchy.
)x( II
The declaration shall identify, where reasonably possible, the nature of the emergency.
Article LXI - Emergency Powers
)x( I
During a state of emergency, the Grand Duke may take extraordinary measures reasonably necessary to preserve the State, maintain public order, protect the population, or restore normal government.
)x( II
Emergency measures may temporarily modify the ordinary operation of laws and public institutions.
)x( III
Emergency powers shall not authorize the permanent abolition of this Constitution.
Article LXII - Termination
)x( I
A state of emergency shall terminate when the Grand Duke determines that the circumstances requiring it have ceased.
)x( II
Upon termination, ordinary constitutional government shall resume fully.
Chapter XIII - The Law
Article LXIII - Hierarchy of Law
)x( I
The Constitution is the highest law of the Grand Duchy.
)x( II
Below the Constitution shall stand Acts, Royal Decrees, regulations, orders, and other legal instruments according to the hierarchy established by law.
)x( III
A legal instrument contrary to a superior law shall have no effect to the extent of the contradiction.
Article LXIV - Publication of Law
)x( I
Laws of general application shall be officially recorded and made reasonably accessible to the persons governed by them.
)x( II
The State shall maintain an official record of legislation.
Article LXV - Interpretation
)x( I
The Constitution shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with the sovereignty, continuity, stability, and lawful government of the Grand Duchy.
)x( II
Where the meaning of a constitutional provision is disputed, the matter shall be resolved through the constitutional procedures established by law.
Chapter XIV - Amendment of the Constitution
Article LXVI - Constitutional Amendments
)x( I
This Constitution may be amended only through the procedure established by this Article.
)x( II
An amendment may be proposed by the Grand Duke or by Parliament.
)x( III
Where an amendment is submitted to Parliament, it shall require the approval of at least eighty percent of its members.
)x( IV
No constitutional amendment shall enter into force without the assent of the Grand Duke.
)x( V
An amendment shall enter into force upon its promulgation or upon such later date as the amendment provides.
Article LXVII - Continuity of the Crown
)x( I
No amendment shall be interpreted as terminating the Grand Duchy, abolishing the Crown, or transferring sovereignty to a foreign power unless such intention is expressly stated and adopted through the constitutional amendment procedure.
)x( II
The continuity and independence of the State shall be preserved throughout any constitutional amendment.
Chapter XV - Final Provisions
Article LXVIII - Continuity of Existing Law
)x( I
All laws, regulations, appointments, institutions, and official acts existing at the time this Constitution enters into force shall remain valid insofar as they do not conflict with this Constitution.
)x( II
Existing public officers shall continue in office until lawfully replaced, dismissed, or otherwise removed.
Article LXIX - Constitutional Oath
)x( I
Public officers may be required by law to swear or affirm loyalty to the Grand Duchy, the Constitution, and the Crown.
)x( II
The form of such oath or affirmation shall be prescribed by law.
Article LXX - Supreme Authority of the Constitution
)x( I
No law, decree, regulation, order, custom, or public act may lawfully override this Constitution except through a constitutional amendment adopted in accordance with Chapter XIV.
Article LXXI - Entry Into Force
)x( I
This Constitution shall enter into force upon its formal adoption and promulgation by the Grand Duke.
)x( II
Upon its entry into force, this Constitution shall constitute the supreme and fundamental law of the Grand Duchy of Bruskaria.
)x( III
All authorities of the Grand Duchy shall thereafter govern in accordance with its provisions.
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