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Table of contents:
Abdomen:
m. obliquus externus abdominis
m. obliquus internus abdominis
m. transversus abdominis
m. rectus abdominis
Forelimb:
m. trapezius
m. rhomboideus
m. latissimus dorsi
m. serratus ventralis
m. supraspinatus
m. infraspinatus
m. subscapularis
m. biceps brachii
m. triceps brachii
m. pectoralis
Hindlimb:
m. gluteus medius
m. biceps femoris
m. semitendinosus
m. semimembranosus
m. tensor fascia lata
m. gracilis
m. adductor
m. quadriceps femoris
m. gastrocnemius
m. iliopsoas
Abdomen
In general, abdominal muscles compress the viscera and maintain the abdominal cavity.
m. obliquus externus abdominis:
Origin - Last few ribs and thoracolumbar fascia
Insertion - Linea alba, brim of pelvis, tuber coxae
m. obliquus internus abdominis:
Origin - Tuber coxae and transverse process of lumbar vertebrae
Insertion - Linea alba, caudal ribs, brim of pelvis
m. transversus abdominis:
Origin - Deep thoracolumbar fascia, caudal ribs, lumbar vertebrae
Insertion - Linea alba
m. rectus abdominis:
Origin - Costal cartilage and sternum
Insertion - Pubis via the pre-pubic tendon
Function - Flexes the spine
Study tip for abdomen muscles: To be able to understand the abdominal muscles better pay close attention to their directions togetherwith origin and insertions that is cranial or caudal.
EV --> CR - external abdmonis runs ventral to cranial
IV --> CD - internal abdominis runs ventral to caudal
Forelimb
m. trapezius:
Origin - Ligamentum nuchae and ligaments of the dorsal midline
Insertion - Scapular spine
Function - Lift, advance and retracts the scapula
m. rhomboideus:
Origin - Ligamentum nuchae and ligaments of the dorsal midline
Insertion - Medial side of scapular cartilage
Function - Lifts neck, and lifts and advances scapula
m. latissimus dorsi:
Origin - Spinous processes of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
Insertion - Medial humerus
Function - Lateral neck flexion, shoulder extension, advances limb
m. serratus ventralis:
Origin - Transverse processes of caudal cervical and cranial thoracic vertebrae
Insertion - Medial scapula and scapular cartilage
Function - Support trunk, lifts neck, advances and retracts scapula
m. supraspinatus:
Origin - Supraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion - Greater tubercle of humerus
Function - Extension and stabilization of shoulder
m. infraspinatus:
Origin - Infraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion - Greater tubercle of humerus
Function - Flexion and stabilization of shoulders
m. subscapularis:
Origin - Subscapular fossa
Insertion - Medial humerus
Function - Shoulder stabilization
m. biceps brachii:
Origin - Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Insertion - Cranial aspect of proximal radius and ulna
Function - Shoulder extension and elbow flexion
m. triceps brachii:
Origin - Caudal border of the scapula, proximal humerus
Insertion - Olecranon process of the ulna
Function - Shoulder flexion and elbow extension
m. pectoralis:
Origin - Cranial sternum, costal cartilages, and ribs
Insertion - Craniomedial humerus
Study tip for the muscles of forelimb:
A great way to memorize the forelimb muscles is by pairing/categorizing them in different ways.
For an instance, biceps brachii and trcieps brachii are responsible for opposite movements of the shoulder and the elbow (flexion and extension).
Think of a gymbro flexing his biceps💪🏼💪🏼 (elbow flexion)
While, the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles share the same region of insertion that is the greater tubercle of humerus.
Hindlimb
m. gluteus medius:
Origin - Wing of ilium, tuber coxae, sacrum, and sacroschiatic ligament
Insertion - Greater trochanter of femur
Function - Extension of the hip
m. biceps femoris:
Origin - Sacrum, sacroschiatic ligament, and ischial tuber
Insertion - Patellar ligament, patella, and calcaneal tuber
Function - Movement of hip and stifle
m. semitendinosus:
Origin - Sacrum, caudal vertebrae, sacroschiatic ligament and ischial tuber
Insertion - Cranial tibia, calcaneal tuber
Function - Movement of hip, stifle and hock
m. semimembranosus:
Origin - Caudal vertebrae, sacroschiatic ligament, and ischial tuber
Insertion - Medial distal femur, medial proximal tibia, and fascia lata
Function - Movement of hip, stifle
m. tensor fascia lata:
Origin - Tuber coxae
Insertion - Fascia lata
Function - Hip flexion and extension of stifle
m. gracilis:
Origin - Pelvic symphysis
Insertion - Medial aspect of proximal tibia
Function - Adduction of limb
m. adductor:
Origin - Ventral pelvis
Insertion - Medial femur
Function - Adduction of limb
m. quadriceps femoris:
Origin - Proximal femur, body of ilium
Insertion - Patella
Function - Extension of stifle
m. gastrocnemius:
Origin - Caudal aspect of femoral condyles
Insertion - Tuber calcanei
Function - Extension of hock
m. iliopsoas:
Origin - Ventral aspects of lumbar vertebrae, ilium and sacrum
Insertion - Lesser trochanter of femur
Function - Flexion of hip
Study tip for the muscles of hindlimb:
Refer to tips for the forelimb.
An example for pairing hindlimb muscles - gluteus medius extends the hip vs iliopsoas muscles that flexes the hip.
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