Sources (Part 1)
1.Brassat, D. “When Does Multiple Sclerosis Start?” Revue Neurologique, Elsevier Masson, 14 Sept. 2012, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0035378712008880.
Summary: This article discusses the basic knowledge regarding the MS disease. He also explains that there is no current cure or major treatment, but some people are still looking for it. MS currently is still not fully understood even with all the evidence of the immune system attacking the myelinated axons. The goal of the experiment that Brassat is trying to find is where exactly MS starts.
2.Dobson, and G Giovannoni. “Multiple Sclerosis – a Review - Dobson - Wiley Online Library.” Wiley Online Library, 9 Oct. 2018, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ene.13819.
Summary: This article also gives a basic overview of the subject matter of Multiple Sclerosis and its socioeconomic effect. One important thing that this article reviewed is how this disease could potentially be prevented using Vitamin D. This disease is mostly genetic, so having a healthy lifestyle could benefit those who are more susceptible to the disease. Smoking, obesity, and infections from the Epstein-Barr will make it more likely for you to contract the disease.
3.Feinstien, Anthony. “The Neuropsychiatry of Multiple Sclerosis.” SageJournals, The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, Mar. 2004, journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/070674370404900302.
Summary: This article dives into the etiologies of syndromes like depression, bipolar, and psychosis, and relates them to how they're related to multiple sclerosis. The reasoning for this experiment is that many of the early-stage symptoms are similar when it comes to brain function. The goal is to see if any of these diseases are directly or indirectly related to MS.
4.Filippi, M, et al. “Changes In the Normal Appearing Brain Tissue and Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis.” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 1 Feb. 2000, jnnp.bmj.com/content/68/2/157.short.
Summary: This article was an experiment done on 12 different MS patients using T1 and T2 scales. The T1 and T2 scales are commonly used to perform experiments using a human model for MS patients. The goal was to use the weighted model to measure brain lesions that resulted from MS. They did this to see if there was brain expansion or not. If there was extra tissue surrounding the brain, they would conclude that there could be cognitive issues.
5.Franklin, Robin J M, et al. “Multiple Sclerosis Genetics.” Lancet Neurology, 19 May 2014, www.thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474-4422(14)70041-9/fulltext.
Summary: This article talked about how Multiple Sclerosis is a genetic disease. According to this article, the studies done in this experiment and previous ones have proved that there are over 100 different variants of MS. The strange part is that they are all unknown as to how they started. One thing that is known, however, is that 1/3 of patients that had MS had a family member in the past that also had it. This doesn't necessarily mean that all people who contracted the disease weren't hereditary, but the author tries to prove that other factors may cause this disease to start.
6.Inglese, M, et al. “Brain Tissue Sodium Concentration in Multiple Sclerosis: A Sodium Imaging Study at 3 Tesla.” Academic.Oup.Com, Brain, 27 Jan. 2010, academic.oup.com/brain/article/133/3/847/274500.
Summary: In another experiment using a human model and T1 model, this experiment is to test sodium levels in patients with MS. This article talked about Multiple sclerosis and nerve damage disabilities. Inglese and his other fellow scientists studied a new imaging technique called sodium MRI to see if it could detect early signs of damage in people with MS. They found that higher levels of sodium were linked to greater nerve damage and worse disability. This suggests that sodium MRI could be a useful tool for monitoring MS and potentially guiding treatment.
7.Maarouf, A, et al. “How Much Progress Has There Been in the Second-Line Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.” Revue Neurologique, Elsevier Masson, 17 May 2018, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0035378717308640.
Summary: This article talks about how over the past 25 years, there have been over a dozen new drugs and medicines created. It's great news for controlling early inflammation, but it also makes things more complicated for doctors. Each drug has its own benefits and risks, and with no head-to-head comparisons, so figuring out the best option for each patient can be tricky. The author says to control MS effectively, doctors need to be well informed about both the good and bad sides of each medication.
8.Mikaeloff, Y., et al. “Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis.” Science Direct, Elsevier, 22 Mar. 2006, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1545534306000307.
Summary: This article talks about how kids with MS can help doctors understand the disease better. This is because their symptoms often appear soon after exposure to certain factors. Telling MS apart from ADEM, which is another brain inflammation condition in kids, is difficult because they share similar symptoms. Young children with MS have different features compared to adults, like fewer spinal fluid abnormalities and fewer MRI lesions. This article helps researchers understand the early stages of this disease.
9.Nicholas, Richard, and Waqar Rashid. Clinical Evidence Handbook, BMJ Publishing Group, July 2011, www.saudedireta.com.br/docsupload/1421610595p712.pdf.
Summary: This article gave a lot of information that the articles stated. In this article, however, they focused a lot more on lesioning and how it affects the early stages of the disease. Nicholas talks a lot about the main types of MS that affects the most people and how the damage is irraversable. This article also talks about the resting and relapsing stage of the disease.
10.Ruggieri, M., et al. “Multiple Sclerosis in Children under 10 Years of Age - Neurological Sciences.” SpringerLink, Springer-Verlag, Nov. 2004, link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10072-004-0335-z.
Summary: This article went into detail about kids with MS. Since this disease usually affects people who are over the age of 20, to see it in kids is even more rare. Kids who usually contract this disease are at an infancy or pre-school age. One goal from the experiment done in this article was to see if the disease eats away at the myelin faster or slower than that of an older patient. Since the disease lasts a lifetime, the question is whether or not these kids will experience symptoms faster, slower, or at the same pace.
11.Sospedra, Mireia, and Roland Martin. “Immunology of Multiple Sclerosis.” AnnualReviews, 23 Apr. 2005, www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115707.
Summary: This article talks about all the information that is known about how the immune system attacks the myelinated axons. The study shows that T-cells mistake the axons for something else. There isn't currently a reason why this occurs, but it contributes to the attack on the central nervous system.
12.Ziemssen, Tjalf, and Katja Thomas. “Treatment Optimization in Multiple Sclerosis: How Do We Apply Emerging Evidence.” Taylor & Francis Online, Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 3 Feb. 2017, www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1744666X.2017.1292135.
Summary: This article has a lot of relation to what I want to write in my paper, finding a cure or therapy to treat this awful disease. The article talks about current long-term treatments that there are and how they relate to neurodegeneration. This experiment uses disease-modifying therapies to monitor and try and treat the disease using different methods.
Sources (Part 2)
13. Aktas, O., et al. “Experimental in Vivo and in Vitro Models of Multiple Sclerosis: EAE and Beyond.” Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, Elsevier, 20 Sept. 2011, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2211034811000113.
Summary: This article introduces how MS works and how the central nervous system is affected. The author then uses animal models in the experimental autoimmune enchephelomyelinitis (EAE) scale. This is when scientists purposely inject animals, usually mice because of their similarity to humans' CNS, to find a cure or therapy. The experiment performed in this article was injecting animals with a drug that caused axonal damage and studied effects after different treatments.
14. Bjelobaba, Ivana, et al. “Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis: Focus on Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.” Wiley Online Library, Journal of Neuroscience Research, 15 Feb. 2018, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jnr.24224.
Summary: This article talks about another experiment done on animals using the EAE model. As I described in the last source, this model is used for MS studies by injecting myelin-based proteins. In this experiment, the scientists study axonal damage and neuron loss in the central nervous system.
15. Constantinescu, Cris, et al. “Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a Model for Multiple Sclerosis (MS).” British Pharmacological Society, British Journal of Pharmacology, 9 Feb. 2012, bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01302.x.
Summary: This was yet another source about experimental autoimmune enchealomyelinitis (EAE). This source was interesting because unlike the last 2, this specific study looked at how using this model affected the inflammation in the brain. I continued reading about EAE models because I am interested in doing a study on mice.
16. Dedoni, S, et al. “An Overall View of the Most Common Experimental Models for Multiple Sclerosis.” Neurobiology of Disease, Academic Press, 13 July 2023, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969996123002450.
Summary: This article talked about different types of models that can be used on animals. This article was good because I want to use mice in my experiment and I was looking for one that could work best for me. The author started by talking about the EAE model, which I already read about. They also talked about viral and toxin models that mimic viruses to help scientists understand environmental factors and patterns. They also talk about Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs), which is when a patient's blood is taken and they take these specific cells out and inject mice with it to study its effects.
17. Forte, Micheal, et al. “Cyclophilin D Inactivation Protects Axons in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis, an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis.” PNAS, Biological Sciences, 1 May 2007, www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0702228104.
Summary: This article talked about an experiment done using Cyclophilin D, which is a protein found inside cell mitochondria that keeps it healthy. In this experiment, they used the EAE model to study the effects of this protein being injected into mice. The results of this showed much higher levels of Ca2+ in brain cells.
18. Jagodic, Maja, et al. “A Role for VAV1 in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis.” Science.Org, Science Translational Medicine, 9 Dec. 2009, www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/scitranslmed.3000278.
Summary: In this article, the author talks about how they found a key gene called VAV1 that influences the disease's development. VAV1 affects immune cells and inflammation, which explains how some people get MS. This discovery helps pave the way for understanding and potentially treating MS better in the future.
19. Joseph Collins, M.d. “An Experimental Study of Multiple Sclerosis.” Journal of the American Medical Association, JAMA Network, 22 Dec. 1923, jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/237516.
Summary: This article was an experiment done to try and find anything relating to a cure for Multiple sclerosis. Collings researched a few other diseases with puzzling nervous system symptoms like Hysteria and Syphilis and tried to find a potential vaccine. The author studied the structure of multiple sclerosis and compared it to other diseases using the EAE model in hopes of finding something new.
20. Lassmann, Hans, and Monika Bradl. “Multiple Sclerosis: Experimental Models and Reality - Acta Neuropathologica.” SpringerLink, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 20 Oct. 2016, link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-016-1631-4.
Summary: The author of this article tries to make an argument on why using toxin models is better than EAE and other models. While current models focused on T-cells are helpful, other immune cells like B-cells and CD8+, T-cells might also play a role, which would require more research. Lassmann claims that viral and toxin models have limitations, so choosing the right model depends on the specific question researchers want to answer about MS.
21. Martin, Roland, and Henry McFarland. “Experimental Immunotherapies for Multiple Sclerosis.” SpringerLink, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1 Jan. 1996, link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-61191-9_10.
Summary: As we know MS damages nerves, but the exact cause is still a mystery. Studying a similar disease in animals (EAE) helped us understand how immune cells attack these nerves. We tried similar treatments in people with MS, but they haven't worked great because MS seems more complex. Now, instead of just stopping the attack, scientists are looking at ways to protect the nerves and slow down the damage. This could lead to new, more effective treatments for MS.
22. McCombe, Pamela A. “The Short and Long-Term Effects of Pregnancy on Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.” MDPI, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 28 Nov. 2018, www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/7/12/494.
Summary: This article talks about how MS affects pregnant women. Pregnancy often leads to fewer MS flare-ups which is a good thing, however, it also changes the immune system. This doesn't mean MS vanishes, it can be a good time to have kids. Current MS medication however would have to be stopped which isn't good because it could potentially cause more damage after a child is born. According to the article, many women worry that fertility treatments might worsen MS, but there is no straight answer to this because more research is needed. McCombe claims that understanding how pregnancy protects against MS could lead to new therapies someday.
23. McNicholas, N., et al. “Age-Related Changes in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.” Seminars in Immunology, Academic Press, 22 June 2022, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1044532322000483.
Summary: This article talks about how early MS causes inflammation/ immune problems and how damage causes neurodegeneration and build-up in life. Understanding neurodegeneration is important for finding treatments to slow down or even prevent MS progression. This is why McNicholas believes studying new mouse models like EAE that mimic late-stage MS can change and focus on protecting brain health. By doing this, we may help find new therapies.
24. Salvisberg, Cindy, et al. “Exploring the Human Tear Fluid: Discovery of New Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis.” Wiley Online Library, Proteomics Clinical Applications, 31 Jan. 2014, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/prca.201300053.
Summary: According to Salvisberg, diagnosing MS is tricky, but the experiment explored a new possibility by using tears. The experiment done compared tears from people with MS and healthy individuals, finding a protein called alpha-1 antichymotrypsin consistently elevated in MS tears. This was interesting because a simple tear test could one day help diagnose MS, making it easier and quicker for patients to get answers. This article had was the most interesting read of all the articles in my opinion.
25. Xu, Ling, et al. “Rapamycin Combined with MCC950 to Treat Multiple Sclerosis in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.” Wiley Online Library, Journal of Cellular Biochemistry , 15 Oct. 2018, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jcb.27782.
Summary: In this article, researchers explored two promising medications to potentially slow down the disease called Rapamycin and MCC950. Both medications target microglia cells that can get overactive and potentially harm nerves in MS. By using the EAE model, these medications were able to reduce symptoms and the harmful chemicals released by microglia. This means they could potentially become future treatments for MS by calming down the harmful immune response and protecting nerves. This was also a huge step in the right direction for MS studies.