• Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technology and facilitated changes in patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to 1750.

• Describe the role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration from 1450 to 1750.

• Explain the economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states.

• Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

• Explain the process of state building and expansion among various empires and states in the period from 1450 to 1750.

• Explain the continuities and changes in economic systems and labor systems from 1450 to 1750.

• Explain changes and continuities in systems of slavery in the period from 1450 to 1750.

• Explain how rulers employed economic strategies to consolidate and maintain power throughout the period.

• Explain the continuities and changes in networks of exchange from 1450 to 1750.

• Explain how political, economic, and cultural factors affected society from 1450 to 1750.

• Explain the similarities and differences in how various belief systems affected societies.

• Explain the effects of the development of state power from 1450 to 1750.

• Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained or have changed over time.

On The Exam

12%–15% of exam score

Vocabulary 4.3

Columbian Exchange

• Cash crops

• Columbian Exchange

• Indigenous

• Coerced labor